{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2142000510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","title":"Civic Returns to Higher Education: A Note on Heterogeneous Effects","display_name":"Civic Returns to Higher Education: A Note on Heterogeneous Effects","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2142000510","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","mag":"2142000510","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22223924","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3249762"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3249762","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J. E. Brand","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J. E. Brand","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California-Los Angeles"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California-Los Angeles","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":4152,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4152},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":21.044,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":119,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99031485,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"89","issue":"2","first_page":"417","last_page":"433"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10267","display_name":"Higher Education Research Studies","score":0.37720000743865967,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.20430000126361847,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11239","display_name":"Social Capital and Networks","score":0.09929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/citizen-participation","display_name":"citizen participation","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/higher-education","display_name":"higher education","score":0.7310000061988831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-completion","display_name":"college completion","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/effect-heterogeneity","display_name":"heterogeneous effects","score":0.7649999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disadvantaged-students","display_name":"disadvantaged students","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.4059999883174896}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.5967386364936829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.4412306845188141},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.3537946343421936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.334150493144989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.33148103952407837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.16136744618415833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1353/sof.2010.0095","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2010.0095","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S130611943","display_name":"Social Forces","issn_l":"0037-7732","issn":["0037-7732","1534-7605"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social Forces","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:22223924","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22223924","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Social forces; a scientific medium of social study and interpretation","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2259065","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3249762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3249762","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3249762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Soc Forces","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:muse.jhu.edu:/article/421671","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://muse.jhu.edu/article/421671","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196299","display_name":"Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","host_organization_name":"Johns Hopkins University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2259065","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3249762","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8974000215530396,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"},{"score":0.8278999924659729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"},{"score":0.47620001435279846,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6175961916","display_name":"Heterogeneous Treatment Effects in Social and Behavioral Sciences","funder_award_id":"R21NR010856","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6820463676","display_name":"California Center for Population Research (CCPR) at UCLA","funder_award_id":"R24HD041022","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","funder_display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337353","display_name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01y3zfr79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337611","display_name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","ror":"https://ror.org/04byxyr05"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36997218","https://openalex.org/W587404311","https://openalex.org/W1483323320","https://openalex.org/W1487279857","https://openalex.org/W1495994381","https://openalex.org/W1538443123","https://openalex.org/W1585814636","https://openalex.org/W1594294799","https://openalex.org/W1596636630","https://openalex.org/W1932985171","https://openalex.org/W1969756420","https://openalex.org/W1973420336","https://openalex.org/W1973424936","https://openalex.org/W1989377468","https://openalex.org/W1992186241","https://openalex.org/W1993637068","https://openalex.org/W2020111647","https://openalex.org/W2031340404","https://openalex.org/W2035534527","https://openalex.org/W2048154301","https://openalex.org/W2050931047","https://openalex.org/W2064869822","https://openalex.org/W2075405462","https://openalex.org/W2075664771","https://openalex.org/W2082613272","https://openalex.org/W2085084309","https://openalex.org/W2090949540","https://openalex.org/W2105474580","https://openalex.org/W2108660896","https://openalex.org/W2113388346","https://openalex.org/W2114661842","https://openalex.org/W2114939668","https://openalex.org/W2117963689","https://openalex.org/W2125202429","https://openalex.org/W2138837398","https://openalex.org/W2147264455","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2151544484","https://openalex.org/W2153934058","https://openalex.org/W2155581356","https://openalex.org/W2159147610","https://openalex.org/W2169094287","https://openalex.org/W2170484297","https://openalex.org/W2242330994","https://openalex.org/W2304361434","https://openalex.org/W2315477175","https://openalex.org/W2753221422","https://openalex.org/W2891018837","https://openalex.org/W3025525792","https://openalex.org/W3044348100","https://openalex.org/W3106689170","https://openalex.org/W3122676602","https://openalex.org/W3123492638","https://openalex.org/W3125156328","https://openalex.org/W3130383601","https://openalex.org/W3158666512","https://openalex.org/W3201194728"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4243528941","https://openalex.org/W4408883188","https://openalex.org/W7167619682","https://openalex.org/W276911815","https://openalex.org/W7099866319","https://openalex.org/W2186002654","https://openalex.org/W6991532998","https://openalex.org/W2182431150","https://openalex.org/W2247458996","https://openalex.org/W2508887118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"American":[0],"educational":[1],"leaders":[2],"and":[3,31,70],"philosophers":[4],"have":[5,24,106],"long":[6],"valued":[7],"schooling":[8],"for":[9,60,80,93,110,118],"its":[10],"role":[11,55],"in":[12,42],"preparing":[13],"the":[14,116],"nation's":[15],"youth":[16],"to":[17,75,99],"be":[18],"civically":[19],"engaged":[20],"citizens.":[21],"Numerous":[22],"studies":[23],"found":[25],"a":[26,49,57,107],"positive":[27],"relationship":[28],"between":[29],"education":[30,77],"subsequent":[32],"civic":[33,65,73,97],"participation.":[34],"However,":[35],"little":[36],"is":[37],"known":[38],"about":[39],"possible":[40],"variation":[41],"effects":[43,69],"by":[44],"selection":[45],"into":[46,64],"higher":[47,76],"education,":[48],"critical":[50],"omission":[51],"considering":[52],"education's":[53],"expressed":[54],"as":[56,115],"key":[58],"mechanism":[59],"integrating":[61],"disadvantaged":[62,81],"individuals":[63,104],"life.":[66],"I":[67,90],"disaggregate":[68],"examine":[71],"whether":[72],"returns":[74,98],"are":[78,101],"largest":[79],"low":[82,108],"likelihood":[83,87,109],"or":[84],"advantaged":[85],"high":[86],"college":[88,100,111,119],"goers.":[89],"find":[91],"evidence":[92],"significant":[94],"effect":[95],"heterogeneity:":[96],"greatest":[102],"among":[103],"who":[105],"completion.":[112],"Returns":[113],"decrease":[114],"propensity":[117],"increases.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
