{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140992244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","title":"Essential Ingredients of a Good Research Proposal for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students in the Social Sciences","display_name":"Essential Ingredients of a Good Research Proposal for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Students in the Social Sciences","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140992244","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","mag":"2140992244"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2158244014548178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044298210","display_name":"Raymond Talinbe Abdulai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-7945","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-7945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63098007","display_name":"Liverpool John Moores University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zfme737","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Raymond Talinbe Abdulai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Liverpool John Moores University, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Liverpool John Moores University, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050291301","display_name":"Anthony Owusu\u2010Ansah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-7550","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2373-7550"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56822791","display_name":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration","ror":"https://ror.org/04yexcn51","country_code":"GH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56822791"]}],"countries":["GH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Owusu-Ansah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Accra, Ghana"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ghana Institute of Management and Public Administration, Accra, Ghana","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56822791"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5044298210"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63098007"],"apc_list":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"apc_paid":{"value":1600,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1600},"fwci":8.6574,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97107866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11832","display_name":"Doctoral Education Challenges and Solutions","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11832","display_name":"Doctoral Education Challenges and Solutions","score":0.7455999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10561","display_name":"Educational Research and Methods","score":0.1088000014424324,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12648","display_name":"Academic Writing and Publishing","score":0.045899998396635056,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-proposal-writing","display_name":"research proposal writing","score":0.9599999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-proposal-structure","display_name":"research proposal structure","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-gap","display_name":"research gaps","score":0.4729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-hypotheses","display_name":"research hypotheses","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/undergraduate-research","display_name":"undergraduate research","score":0.6600000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/postgraduate-research","display_name":"graduate research","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science-research","display_name":"social science research","score":0.6899999976158142}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.602317214012146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781287091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q947859","display_name":"Research proposal","level":2,"score":0.5632578134536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5049849152565002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5044633150100708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.48916128277778625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.4357793629169464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36727532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q861399","display_name":"Educational research","level":2,"score":0.4199376106262207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.4117283821105957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.34819695353507996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34268343448638916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27789056301116943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.1316792070865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10593974590301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.10193464159965515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/2158244014548178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:sagope:v:4:y:2014:i:3:p:2158244014548178","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2158244014548178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0c72c54830d4dd7864e88acc53ba172","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f0c72c54830d4dd7864e88acc53ba172","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SAGE Open, Vol 4 (2014)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.25405/ncl.34347393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34347393","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34347393","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"},{"id":"doi:10.25405/ncl.34347393.v1","doi":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34347393.v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.25405/ncl.34347393.v1","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402485","display_name":"Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I84884186","host_organization_name":"Newcastle University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84884186"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"JournalArticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/2158244014548178","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014548178","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S148277943","display_name":"SAGE Open","issn_l":"2158-2440","issn":["2158-2440"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Sage Open","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.4156000018119812,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":55,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72417591","https://openalex.org/W129014274","https://openalex.org/W336930913","https://openalex.org/W348199604","https://openalex.org/W409344806","https://openalex.org/W562001773","https://openalex.org/W568231489","https://openalex.org/W606806371","https://openalex.org/W636341350","https://openalex.org/W957773933","https://openalex.org/W987159229","https://openalex.org/W1483100613","https://openalex.org/W1508400329","https://openalex.org/W1522222847","https://openalex.org/W1547253197","https://openalex.org/W1549529436","https://openalex.org/W1557459633","https://openalex.org/W1560786456","https://openalex.org/W1570258610","https://openalex.org/W1578935983","https://openalex.org/W1588186616","https://openalex.org/W1588735394","https://openalex.org/W1591177804","https://openalex.org/W1599366360","https://openalex.org/W1714723801","https://openalex.org/W1969966948","https://openalex.org/W2006468167","https://openalex.org/W2021365718","https://openalex.org/W2033952602","https://openalex.org/W2058378011","https://openalex.org/W2079354197","https://openalex.org/W2118069825","https://openalex.org/W2132698877","https://openalex.org/W2134514975","https://openalex.org/W2149868499","https://openalex.org/W2150374398","https://openalex.org/W2153222072","https://openalex.org/W2292360104","https://openalex.org/W2324784878","https://openalex.org/W2345458209","https://openalex.org/W2512609250","https://openalex.org/W2560324319","https://openalex.org/W2884023742","https://openalex.org/W2889852576","https://openalex.org/W2890031357","https://openalex.org/W2900509361","https://openalex.org/W2904927769","https://openalex.org/W2910572681","https://openalex.org/W2970103725","https://openalex.org/W3126816323","https://openalex.org/W3147181238","https://openalex.org/W3188347647","https://openalex.org/W4230553909","https://openalex.org/W4233813450","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560156626","https://openalex.org/W3208536471","https://openalex.org/W3211537805","https://openalex.org/W3179896356","https://openalex.org/W4206336742","https://openalex.org/W4242559875","https://openalex.org/W2594710007","https://openalex.org/W2738078246","https://openalex.org/W6941434525","https://openalex.org/W2020237415"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"part":[1],"of":[2,8,30,41,48,84,95,105,138,158,173,194,205,215],"the":[3,6,28,39,46,52,102,195,202,213,223],"requirements":[4],"for":[5,68,136],"award":[7],"degrees":[9],"in":[10,27,64,122,201,222],"higher":[11],"education":[12],"institutions,":[13],"students":[14,59,90,121,148],"at":[15],"undergraduate":[16],"and":[17,45,156,164,181,210],"postgraduate":[18],"levels":[19],"normally":[20],"carry":[21],"out":[22],"research,":[23],"which":[24],"they":[25,72],"report":[26],"form":[29],"dissertations":[31],"or":[32,177,227],"theses.":[33],"The":[34,82],"research":[35,43,66,80,98,108,123,160,174,208,217],"journey":[36],"commences":[37],"with":[38],"selection":[40],"a":[42,49,79,92,106,114,191,206,216],"topic":[44],"preparation":[47],"proposal":[50,124,218],"on":[51,144],"selected":[53],"topic.":[54],"Experience":[55],"has":[56],"shown":[57],"that":[58,143,219],"tend":[60],"to":[61,88,119,198],"encounter":[62],"difficulties":[63],"writing":[65,96],"proposals":[67,99],"their":[69,186],"supervisors":[70],"because":[71],"do":[73],"not":[74,113],"fully":[75],"comprehend":[76,212],"what":[77,159],"constitutes":[78],"proposal.":[81,109],"purpose":[83],"this":[85,146],"article":[86],"is":[87,112,118,141,161],"take":[89],"through":[91],"step-by-step":[93],"process":[94],"good":[97,107,192,207],"by":[100],"discussing":[101,127],"essential":[103],"ingredients":[104],"Thus,":[110],"it":[111],"didactic":[115],"piece\u2014the":[116],"aim":[117],"guide":[120],"writing.":[125],"In":[126],"these":[128],"ingredients,":[129],"relevant":[130,196],"examples":[131],"are":[132],"provided":[133],"where":[134],"necessary":[135],"ease":[137],"understanding.":[139],"It":[140],"expected":[142],"reading":[145],"article,":[147],"should":[149,220],"be":[150,199],"able":[151],"to:":[152],"(a)":[153],"demonstrate":[154,190],"knowledge":[155],"understanding":[157,193],"all":[162],"about":[163],"its":[165],"challenging":[166],"nature;":[167],"(b)":[168],"display":[169],"an":[170],"enlarged":[171],"comprehension":[172],"gap(s),":[175],"problem":[176],"question(s),":[178],"aim,":[179],"objectives,":[180],"hypotheses":[182],"as":[183,185],"well":[184],"distinguishing":[187],"characteristics;":[188],"(c)":[189],"elements":[197,214],"considered":[200],"constituent":[203],"sections":[204],"proposal;":[209],"(d)":[211],"feature":[221],"final":[224],"written":[225],"dissertation":[226],"thesis.":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}