{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140946927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","title":"Temporal Association Between Implementation of Universal Precautions and a Sustained, Progressive Decrease in Percutaneous Exposures to Blood","display_name":"Temporal Association Between Implementation of Universal Precautions and a Sustained, Progressive Decrease in Percutaneous Exposures to Blood","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140946927","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","mag":"2140946927","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8038311"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017537725","display_name":"Susan E. Beekmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-506X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0278-506X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210155647","display_name":"National Institutes of Health Clinical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04vfsmv21","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. E. Beekmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hospital Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hospital Epidemiology Service, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210155647"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070343534","display_name":"David Vlahov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-8068","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3449-8068"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091794","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Vlahov","raw_affiliation_strings":["From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110118086","display_name":"Deloris E. Koziol","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091794","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. E. Koziol","raw_affiliation_strings":["From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5098145843","display_name":"E. D. McShalley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091794","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. D. McShalley","raw_affiliation_strings":["From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061570062","display_name":"James M. Schmitt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091794","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002184999","display_name":"David K. Henderson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-8813","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1589-8813"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091794","display_name":"Office of the Director","ror":"https://ror.org/00fj8a872","country_code":"US","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299022934","https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D. K. Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"From The Hospital Epidemiology Service, The Office of the Director, Clinical Center, and The Occupational Medical Service, Division of Safety, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, and The Department of Epidemiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5002184999"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238","https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I4210091794"],"apc_list":{"value":4763,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4763},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.5159,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":114,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96741312,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"4","first_page":"562","last_page":"569"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11000","display_name":"Infection Control in Healthcare","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10082","display_name":"HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions","score":0.009999999776482582,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13315","display_name":"Occupational Health and Safety in Workplaces","score":0.0017999999690800905,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/universal-precautions","display_name":"universal precautions","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/percutaneous-injuries","display_name":"percutaneous injuries","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-exposure-to-blood","display_name":"occupational exposure to blood","score":0.6909999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hiv-infection","display_name":"HIV infection","score":0.49000000953674316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zidovudine","display_name":"zidovudine","score":0.8529999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exposure-reporting","display_name":"exposure reporting","score":0.8669999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hospital-infection-control","display_name":"hospital infection control","score":0.5339999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.9467315673828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776688490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069606","display_name":"Chemoprophylaxis","level":2,"score":0.7060055732727051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778992500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7894153","display_name":"Universal precautions","level":3,"score":0.6149207353591919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780813298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2071287","display_name":"Percutaneous","level":2,"score":0.4674082100391388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780216070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q198504","display_name":"Zidovudine","level":4,"score":0.43486812710762024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.43311911821365356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.4045901298522949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3782334327697754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187212893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123028","display_name":"Pediatrics","level":1,"score":0.3662726879119873},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.2612486481666565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780727368","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1928978","display_name":"Viral disease","level":3,"score":0.24661928415298462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.18690243363380432}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006509","descriptor_name":"Hepatitis B","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009316","descriptor_name":"National Institutes of Health (U.S.)","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013997","descriptor_name":"Time Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000635","qualifier_name":"transmission","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016273","descriptor_name":"Occupational Exposure","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016273","descriptor_name":"Occupational Exposure","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016602","descriptor_name":"Needlestick Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016602","descriptor_name":"Needlestick Injuries","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016635","descriptor_name":"Universal Precautions","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017758","descriptor_name":"Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017758","descriptor_name":"Infectious Disease Transmission, Patient-to-Professional","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017848","descriptor_name":"Blood-Borne Pathogens","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/clinids/18.4.562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S72350973","display_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","issn_l":"1058-4838","issn":["1058-4838","1537-6591"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","ki-jl-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical Infectious Diseases","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8038311","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8038311","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.6000000238418579,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":27,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965930324","https://openalex.org/W1970535010","https://openalex.org/W1978274053","https://openalex.org/W1985110613","https://openalex.org/W1985774427","https://openalex.org/W1987149130","https://openalex.org/W1992758354","https://openalex.org/W2013664263","https://openalex.org/W2016395787","https://openalex.org/W2041967830","https://openalex.org/W2045574954","https://openalex.org/W2053933941","https://openalex.org/W2068744006","https://openalex.org/W2086355944","https://openalex.org/W2092290036","https://openalex.org/W2095889004","https://openalex.org/W2100305336","https://openalex.org/W2117594295","https://openalex.org/W2155448751","https://openalex.org/W2320148944","https://openalex.org/W2322752893","https://openalex.org/W2414290526","https://openalex.org/W2418418782","https://openalex.org/W4237754768","https://openalex.org/W4252318427","https://openalex.org/W4254283856","https://openalex.org/W4255690246"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4254283856","https://openalex.org/W7214231804","https://openalex.org/W4252318427","https://openalex.org/W2469098433","https://openalex.org/W2086355944","https://openalex.org/W1992178508","https://openalex.org/W1970149245","https://openalex.org/W2066760029","https://openalex.org/W2058488827","https://openalex.org/W2065805003"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"evaluate":[1],"whether":[2,47],"implementation":[3,48,108],"of":[4,36,49,56,59,71,81,109,124,137,142],"universal":[5,50,110,143],"precautions":[6,111,144],"was":[7,64,139],"temporally":[8],"associated":[9,65],"with":[10,54,62,66],"a":[11,57,95,99],"decrease":[12,102],"in":[13,52,91,103,153],"reported":[14],"parenteral":[15,24,151],"exposures":[16,138],"to":[17,69,86,146,149],"blood,":[18],"we":[19],"analyzed":[20],"data":[21],"on":[22],"self-reported":[23],"injuries":[25,105,152],"that":[26,112],"were":[27],"prospectively":[28],"collected":[29],"at":[30],"the":[31,79,107,125],"Clinical":[32],"Center,":[33],"National":[34],"Institutes":[35],"Health":[37],"(Bethesda,":[38],"MD),":[39],"from":[40],"1985":[41],"through":[42,116],"1991.":[43],"We":[44],"also":[45],"assessed":[46],"precautions,":[51],"concert":[53],"initiation":[55],"program":[58],"postexposure":[60],"chemoprophylaxis":[61],"zidovudine,":[63],"decreased":[67,150],"time":[68],"reporting":[70,136,160],"occupational":[72,83],"exposures.":[73],"Our":[74],"data,":[75],"possibly":[76],"confounded":[77],"by":[78],"occurrence":[80],"an":[82],"infection":[84,90],"due":[85],"human":[87],"immunodeficiency":[88],"virus":[89],"1988,":[92],"nonetheless":[93],"demonstrate":[94],"temporal":[96],"association":[97],"between":[98],"progressive,":[100],"significant":[101],"percutaneous":[104],"and":[106],"has":[113],"been":[114],"sustained":[115],"subsequent":[117],"years.":[118],"The":[119],"analysis":[120],"remains":[121],"significant,":[122],"regardless":[123],"surrogate":[126],"denominator":[127],"chosen":[128],"for":[129],"analysis.":[130],"No":[131],"trend":[132],"toward":[133],"more":[134],"rapid":[135],"identified.":[140],"Implementation":[141],"appears":[145],"have":[147],"contributed":[148],"our":[154],"hospital":[155],"but":[156],"did":[157],"not":[158],"affect":[159],"efficiency.":[161]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}