{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140806348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","title":"Syntactic Maturity and Vocabulary Richness of Learning Disabled Children at Four Age Levels","display_name":"Syntactic Maturity and Vocabulary Richness of Learning Disabled Children at Four Age Levels","publication_year":1980,"publication_date":"1980-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140806348","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","mag":"2140806348","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7410966"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221948001300705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026924770","display_name":"Charlene Andolina","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charlene Andolina","raw_affiliation_strings":["Communication Arts Resources and Educational Services Project"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Communication Arts Resources and Educational Services Project","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5026924770"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6837,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9050301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"7","first_page":"27","last_page":"32"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10730","display_name":"Language Development and Disorders","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.003000000026077032,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14104","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology","score":0.0010999999940395355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3206","display_name":"Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-disabilities","display_name":"learning disabilities","score":0.7400000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/syntactic-development","display_name":"syntactic development","score":0.9290000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary-development","display_name":"vocabulary development","score":0.9330000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/t-units","display_name":"T-units","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-length","display_name":"word length","score":0.703000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/type-token-ratio","display_name":"type-token ratio","score":0.9670000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoken-language","display_name":"spoken language","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.5680000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7707680463790894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.7019116878509521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60048249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37437","display_name":"Syntax","level":2,"score":0.6019987463951111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.5738654732704163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5593130588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.5113400816917419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74672266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815859","display_name":"Language acquisition","level":2,"score":0.4703258275985718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778073708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2330667","display_name":"Language development","level":2,"score":0.4520747661590576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15107229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860740","display_name":"Learning disability","level":2,"score":0.45095622539520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.41704076528549194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.13853025436401367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.12193343043327332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007804","descriptor_name":"Language Development","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007805","descriptor_name":"Language Development Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007859","descriptor_name":"Learning Disabilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014825","descriptor_name":"Vocabulary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/002221948001300705","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/002221948001300705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S26220619","display_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","issn_l":"0022-2194","issn":["0022-2194","1469-0047","1538-4780","2047-6108"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","erih-plus","jufo-3","medline","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Learning Disabilities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:7410966","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7410966","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of learning disabilities","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.5385000109672546}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309370","display_name":"University of Pennsylvania","ror":"https://ror.org/00b30xv10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310174","display_name":"University of Pittsburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01an3r305"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W52410547","https://openalex.org/W271239761","https://openalex.org/W641533480","https://openalex.org/W1490874703","https://openalex.org/W1553502214","https://openalex.org/W1603729186","https://openalex.org/W2070112448","https://openalex.org/W2089756375","https://openalex.org/W2134654456","https://openalex.org/W2798246783","https://openalex.org/W3109068248"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965673811","https://openalex.org/W4300120484","https://openalex.org/W1973662227","https://openalex.org/W1974427563","https://openalex.org/W7043336872","https://openalex.org/W7051947367","https://openalex.org/W1759308877","https://openalex.org/W7037575565","https://openalex.org/W7160702997","https://openalex.org/W7097833075"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"past":[1],"decade":[2],"has":[3],"witnessed":[4],"an":[5],"increasing":[6],"number":[7,134,202],"of":[8,17,35,76,84,135,153,158,170,180,203,210,215],"studies":[9,19,37,105],"attending":[10],"to":[11,47,73,100],"vocabulary":[12,189,212,223],"and":[13,31,140,144,161,200,217],"language":[14,22,43],"maturity.":[15],"Some":[16],"these":[18],"analyzed":[20],"oral":[21,30,42],"or":[23],"written":[24,32],"language,":[25],"while":[26,173],"a":[27,61,74,81],"few":[28],"included":[29],"discourse.":[33],"Several":[34],"the":[36,65,90,101,110,112,133,145,154,183,196,201,211],"that":[38,165,222],"looked":[39],"at":[40],"spontaneous":[41],"were":[44],"directly":[45],"related":[46],"this":[48],"research":[49],"(Ciani":[50],"1974,":[51],"Fox":[52],"1970,":[53],"O'Donnell,":[54],"Griffin,":[55],"&":[56],"Norris":[57],"1967).":[58],"There":[59],"was":[60],"question":[62],"however":[63],"whether":[64],"findings":[66,111],"with":[67,106,228],"normal":[68,107,162,166,216],"children":[69,87,163,167,176,220],"would":[70],"be":[71],"generalizable":[72],"population":[75,82],"learning":[77,85,159,174,218],"disabled":[78,86,160,175,219],"children.":[79],"In":[80],"sample":[83],"what":[88],"is":[89],"developmental":[91,127,156,190,213],"trend":[92,102,157,214],"in":[93,104],"their":[94],"language?":[95],"How":[96],"does":[97],"it":[98],"compare":[99],"found":[103],"children?":[108],"Are":[109],"same":[113],"when":[114],"measured":[115,131,194],"by":[116,132,195],"different":[117,204],"instruments?":[118],"Findings":[119],"are":[120],"summarized":[121],"as":[122,130,193],"follows.":[123],"(1)":[124],"A":[125,151,188,208],"syntactic":[126,155],"pattern":[128,191],"existed":[129],"T-units":[136],"(one":[137],"main":[138],"clause":[139],"all":[141],"subordinated":[142],"clauses)":[143],"word":[146],"length":[147],"per":[148],"T-unit.":[149],"(2)":[150],"comparison":[152,209],"revealed":[164,221],"experience":[168],"periods":[169],"rapid":[171],"growth,":[172],"exhibit":[177],"gradual":[178],"control":[179],"syntax":[181],"across":[182],"four":[184],"age":[185],"levels.":[186],"(3)":[187],"exists":[192],"corrected":[197],"type-token":[198],"ratio":[199],"words":[205],"spoken.":[206],"(4)":[207],"increases":[224],"for":[225],"both":[226],"groups":[227],"advancing":[229],"age.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}