{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140772298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","title":"Analyzing the equity of public primary care provision in Kenya: variation in facility characteristics by local poverty level","display_name":"Analyzing the equity of public primary care provision in Kenya: variation in facility characteristics by local poverty level","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140772298","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","mag":"2140772298","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23236992","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3544635"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","datacite","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021137189","display_name":"Mitsuru Toda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-6658","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5904-6658"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mitsuru Toda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. mitsuru@post.harvard.edu","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya. mitsuru@post.harvard.edu","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063773697","display_name":"A. Opwora","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Antony Opwora","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044539501","display_name":"Evelyn Waweru","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-8973","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4599-8973"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Evelyn Waweru","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029599428","display_name":"Abdisalan Mohamed Noor","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-4499","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-4499"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdisalan Noor","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Malaria Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Centre for Geographic Medicine, Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052826230","display_name":"Tansy Edwards","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-014X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6110-014X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tansy Edwards","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"MRC Tropical Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069166180","display_name":"Greg Fegan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-2765","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2663-2765"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Greg Fegan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046698351","display_name":"Sassy C. Molyneux","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-416X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9522-416X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Molyneux","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, OX3 7LJ, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, CCVTM, Oxford, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026823453","display_name":"Catherine A. Goodman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-3485","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2241-3485"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2841861","display_name":"Kenya Medical Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/04r1cxt79","country_code":"KE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","display_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/00a0jsq62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87048295","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}],"countries":["GB","KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Catherine Goodman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel St, London, WC1E 7HT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute, Wellcome Trust Research Programme, P.O. Box 43640, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Global Health and Development, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kenya Medical Research Institute - Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Nairobi, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5021137189"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2841861","https://openalex.org/I87048295"],"apc_list":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"apc_paid":{"value":3690,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3690},"fwci":1.2459,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80152575,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"11","issue":"1","first_page":"75","last_page":"75"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9761000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13633","display_name":"Public Health and Social Inequalities","score":0.01140000019222498,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3306","display_name":"Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11990","display_name":"Global Health Workforce Issues","score":0.0038999998942017555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-care","display_name":"primary care","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health-facilities","display_name":"public health facilities","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facility-characteristics","display_name":"facility characteristics","score":0.6330000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomic-status","display_name":"socioeconomic status","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-poverty","display_name":"local poverty","score":0.5929999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-service-availability","display_name":"health service availability","score":0.6309999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-electricity","display_name":"electricity access","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laboratory-services","display_name":"laboratory services","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine-availability","display_name":"drug availability","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kenya","display_name":"Kenya","score":0.37700000405311584}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6504724621772766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.6248840689659119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147077947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1515895","display_name":"Socioeconomic status","level":3,"score":0.6088988780975342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.5684443712234497},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775949068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4260475","display_name":"Health facility","level":4,"score":0.4890075623989105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780877353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2518253","display_name":"Health services research","level":3,"score":0.4842519462108612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189326681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10294","display_name":"Poverty","level":2,"score":0.47029635310173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.4641023874282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4603883922100067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.4489280581474304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.4234892427921295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3200971484184265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2844119668006897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2324105203151703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.1826745569705963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1610659658908844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986740045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health services","level":3,"score":0.15420985221862793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.0852026641368866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006268","descriptor_name":"Health Facilities","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007630","descriptor_name":"Kenya","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011203","descriptor_name":"Poverty","qualifier_ui":"Q000706","qualifier_name":"statistics & numerical data","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011204","descriptor_name":"Poverty Areas","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011320","descriptor_name":"Primary Health Care","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012959","descriptor_name":"Socioeconomic Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016009","descriptor_name":"Chi-Square Distribution","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019538","descriptor_name":"Health Care Surveys","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054625","descriptor_name":"Healthcare Disparities","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":9,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2548142","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3544635","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:23236992","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23236992","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International journal for equity in health","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3544635","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3544635/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Int J Equity Health","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk:612409","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/view/creators/eidetedw.html>;","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402527","display_name":"LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210089966","host_organization_name":"London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210089966"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.790.5847","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.790.5847","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/ba/63/1475-9276-11-75.PMC3544635.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e1d53dd8c31d4d6690527043e1ada654","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/e1d53dd8c31d4d6690527043e1ada654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health, Vol 11, Iss 1, p 75 (2012)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/3as3w-6mq85","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/3as3w-6mq85","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/3as3w-6mq85","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"},{"id":"doi:10.60692/td065-pef19","doi":"https://doi.org/10.60692/td065-pef19","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.60692/td065-pef19","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407051682","display_name":"Greater South Information System","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","pdf_url":"https://equityhealthj.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1475-9276-11-75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S167257428","display_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","issn_l":"1475-9276","issn":["1475-9276"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","oarl","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal for Equity in Health","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.8928999900817871,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"},{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.766700029373169,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2161718911","display_name":"Mapping the risks of Plasmodium falciparum infections in areas of low transmission intensity .","funder_award_id":"095127","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2734741810","display_name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Kenya Programme - core support renewal 2005-2010","funder_award_id":"077092/Z/05/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2890273192","display_name":"Strengthening community accountability in biomedical research and health delivery.","funder_award_id":"085418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4973618217","display_name":"Oxford part of Kenya MOP renewal 2010 - 2015","funder_award_id":"092654","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307855","display_name":"World Bank Group","ror":"https://ror.org/00ae7jd04"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323559","display_name":"Ministry of Public Health and Sanitation","ror":"https://ror.org/02eyff421"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335604","display_name":"Danish International Development Agency","ror":"https://ror.org/03nvkc167"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140772298.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2140772298.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W23320856","https://openalex.org/W1522403158","https://openalex.org/W1524857468","https://openalex.org/W1841733224","https://openalex.org/W1919415594","https://openalex.org/W2009288217","https://openalex.org/W2054402987","https://openalex.org/W2057835492","https://openalex.org/W2060530133","https://openalex.org/W2065936186","https://openalex.org/W2079043100","https://openalex.org/W2102858050","https://openalex.org/W2112233230","https://openalex.org/W2130700545","https://openalex.org/W2148400342","https://openalex.org/W2159407670","https://openalex.org/W2165540865","https://openalex.org/W2170956539","https://openalex.org/W2171327980","https://openalex.org/W2187443938","https://openalex.org/W2387674364","https://openalex.org/W2481396062","https://openalex.org/W2615171847","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096003204","https://openalex.org/W2735316742","https://openalex.org/W2911163903","https://openalex.org/W2135415540","https://openalex.org/W3208544038","https://openalex.org/W9644427","https://openalex.org/W3200970046","https://openalex.org/W2183646556","https://openalex.org/W3033741980","https://openalex.org/W7213327081"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Equitable":[1],"access":[2],"to":[3,103,140,254,295,328],"health":[4,9,49,85,286],"care":[5],"is":[6,13,33,69],"a":[7,14,79,290],"key":[8,333],"systems":[10],"goal,":[11],"and":[12,58,87,111,131,149,158,177,191,198,201,209,224,243,259,301,313,321,335],"particular":[15],"concern":[16],"in":[17,65,93,118,340],"low-income":[18],"countries.":[19],"In":[20],"Kenya,":[21],"public":[22,55,84,338],"facilities":[23,266,339],"are":[24,326],"an":[25],"important":[26],"resource":[27],"for":[28,154,220,233,248,256,292,310],"the":[29,36,59,63,67,116,120,142,297,316,330],"poor,":[30],"but":[31],"little":[32,306],"known":[34],"on":[35,73,146],"equity":[37,129,187,298],"of":[38,62,83,115,144,168,183,189,195,206,217,222,229,231,241,265,299,308,319,332,344],"service":[39,150,302],"provision.":[40],"This":[41],"paper":[42,274],"assesses":[43],"whether":[44],"poorer":[45,48],"areas":[46],"have":[47],"services":[50,179,244,269,336],"by":[51,170],"investigating":[52],"associations":[53,107],"between":[54,108],"facility":[56,68,74,109,121,147,155,287],"characteristics":[57,75,110],"poverty":[60,279],"level":[61],"area":[64,117,278],"which":[66,119,180],"located.":[70],"METHODS:":[71],"Data":[72],"were":[76,124,138,175,213],"collected":[77],"from":[78],"nationally":[80],"representative":[81],"sample":[82],"centers":[86],"dispensaries":[88],"across":[89,337],"all":[90,341],"8":[91],"provinces":[92],"Kenya.":[94],"A":[95],"two-stage":[96],"cluster":[97],"randomized":[98],"sampling":[99],"process":[100],"was":[101,122,245,252,305],"used":[102,139],"select":[104],"facilities.":[105],"Univariate":[106],"socioeconomic":[112],"status":[113],"(SES)":[114],"located":[123],"assessed":[125],"using":[126],"chi-squared":[127],"tests,":[128],"ratios":[130,188,205],"concentration":[132,136,193,204],"indices.":[133],"Indirectly":[134],"standardized":[135,203],"indices":[137,194],"assess":[141,296],"influence":[143],"SES":[145],"inputs":[148,242,312,334],"availability":[151,221,240,251,331],"while":[152,250],"controlling":[153],"type,":[156],"province,":[157],"remoteness.":[159],"RESULTS:":[160],"For":[161],"most":[162,311],"indicators,":[163],"we":[164],"found":[165],"no":[166],"indication":[167],"variation":[169],"SES.":[171,345],"The":[172,227,273],"clear":[173,317],"exceptions":[174,318],"electricity":[176,320],"laboratory":[178,322],"showed":[181],"evidence":[182,230,307],"pro-rich":[184,218],"inequalities,":[185],"with":[186,284,315],"3.16":[190],"3.43,":[192],"0.09":[196],"(p<0.01)":[197,208],"0.05":[199,210],"(p=0.01),":[200],"indirectly":[202],"0.07":[207],"(p=0.01).":[211],"There":[212,304],"also":[214],"some":[215],"indications":[216],"inequalities":[219,309],"drugs":[223],"qualified":[225],"staff.":[226],"lack":[228],"inequality":[232],"other":[234],"indicators":[235],"does":[236],"not":[237],"imply":[238],"that":[239],"invariably":[246],"high;":[247],"example,":[249],"close":[253],"90%":[255],"water":[257],"supply":[258],"family":[260],"planning":[261],"services,":[262,314],"under":[263],"half":[264],"offered":[267],"delivery":[268],"or":[270],"outreach.":[271],"CONCLUSIONS:":[272],"shows":[275],"how":[276],"local":[277],"data":[280],"can":[281],"be":[282],"combined":[283],"national":[285],"surveys,":[288],"providing":[289],"tool":[291],"policy":[293],"makers":[294],"input":[300],"availability.":[303],"services.":[323],"However,":[324],"efforts":[325],"required":[327],"improve":[329],"areas,":[342],"regardless":[343]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}