{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140613604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","title":"Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)","display_name":"Chemical and non-chemical thinning methods in apple (Malus domestica borkh)","publication_year":2006,"publication_date":"2006-09-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140613604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","mag":"2140613604"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132756435","display_name":"Discovery and Innovation","issn_l":"1015-079X","issn":["1015-079X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discovery and Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081413426","display_name":"George Ouma","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195610458","display_name":"Maseno University","ror":"https://ror.org/023pskh72","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195610458"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"George Ouma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maseno University, PO Box 333, Maseno, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maseno University, PO Box 333, Maseno, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195610458"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014179512","display_name":"Achim Kunz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195610458","display_name":"Maseno University","ror":"https://ror.org/023pskh72","country_code":"KE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195610458"]}],"countries":["KE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Achim Kunz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Maseno University, PO Box 333, Maseno, Kenya"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maseno University, PO Box 333, Maseno, Kenya","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195610458"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079184252","display_name":"Michael Blanke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-4124","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1593-4124"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael M Blanke","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn, Klein Alterndorf Station, Meckenheimer Street 42, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn, Klein Alterndorf Station, Meckenheimer Street 42, 53359, Rheinbach, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11546","display_name":"Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11546","display_name":"Plant Physiology and Cultivation Studies","score":0.989300012588501,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10473","display_name":"Postharvest Quality and Shelf Life Management","score":0.003100000089034438,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11404","display_name":"Irrigation Practices and Water Management","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1111","display_name":"Soil Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethephon","display_name":"ethephon","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ammonium-thiosulphate","display_name":"ammonium thiosulphate","score":0.8650000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-defoliation","display_name":"partial defoliation","score":0.8399999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-set","display_name":"fruit set","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-yield","display_name":"fruit yield","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fruit-size","display_name":"fruit size","score":0.953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthesis","display_name":"photosynthesis","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transpiration","display_name":"transpiration","score":0.9819999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elstar","display_name":"Elstar","score":0.8889999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apple","display_name":"apple","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spray-timing","display_name":"spray timing","score":0.41600000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shoot-age","display_name":"shoot age","score":0.43299999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781353100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1266974","display_name":"Thinning","level":2,"score":0.9304073452949524},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144027150","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q48803","display_name":"Horticulture","level":1,"score":0.6830138564109802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21410773","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220869","display_name":"Shoot","level":2,"score":0.6145069599151611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144938864","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927286","display_name":"Randomized block design","level":2,"score":0.607877790927887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134121241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899301","display_name":"Yield (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.46031638979911804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.45359864830970764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993187780","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3042397","display_name":"Fruit set","level":4,"score":0.4286850690841675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3390163779258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.30033642053604126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.24772217869758606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.11015459895133972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780618852","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79932","display_name":"Pollen","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168197293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q134624","display_name":"Pollination","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4314/dai.v17i1.15687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S132756435","display_name":"Discovery and Innovation","issn_l":"1015-079X","issn":["1015-079X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["jpps-2","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310321518","host_organization_name":"African Journals OnLine","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310321518"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["African Journals OnLine"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Discovery and Innovation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2","display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.9208999872207642}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W313917414","https://openalex.org/W1262531394","https://openalex.org/W1512745917","https://openalex.org/W2010302311","https://openalex.org/W2026201783","https://openalex.org/W2138196403","https://openalex.org/W2150623091","https://openalex.org/W2224064591","https://openalex.org/W2301820092","https://openalex.org/W2316875510","https://openalex.org/W2319257141","https://openalex.org/W2319721307","https://openalex.org/W2320257601","https://openalex.org/W2345934181","https://openalex.org/W2589998100"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098580510","https://openalex.org/W4238081382","https://openalex.org/W1607638188","https://openalex.org/W2327121032","https://openalex.org/W7001146705","https://openalex.org/W2183617961","https://openalex.org/W7213945394","https://openalex.org/W3114428763","https://openalex.org/W156691367","https://openalex.org/W2089612499"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Thinning":[0,332],"trials":[1],"were":[2,33,72,120,282,292,305,362,384],"conducted":[3],"in":[4,25,68,145,168,213,258,261,320],"the":[5,26,36,60,69,115,169,229,252,262,321,354,358,370],"apple":[6,23],"orchards":[7],"of":[8,38,59,150,223,237,346,373],"Klein":[9],"Altendorf":[10],"Experimental":[11],"Station,":[12],"Bonn,":[13],"Germany":[14],"using":[15],"7-year-old":[16],"CV.":[17],"\u2018Cox":[18],"orange\u2019":[19],"and":[20,29,48,53,110,128,134,247,274,302,309,341,361,375,382],"CV":[21],"\u2018Elstar\u2019":[22],"trees":[24],"year":[27,70,88,170,253],"2001":[28,71,171],"2002.":[30],"The":[31,63,137,152,164,186],"objectives":[32],"to":[34,49,84,97,323,339,344],"find":[35],"effects":[37,280],"treatments":[39,118,188,356],"on":[40,86,99],"fruit":[41,46,224,231,264,295,337,376],"set,":[42],"yield,":[43],"quality":[44,232],"(i.e.":[45,233],"size)":[47],"investigate":[50],"how":[51],"photosynthesis":[52,383],"transpiration":[54,381],"are":[55],"affected":[56,386],"by":[57,240,307],"one":[58,87],"chemical":[61,64,116,355],"thinners.":[62],"thinning":[65,117,139,177,191,260,279,290,374],"methods":[66,372],"applied":[67,119,144],"Ethrel":[73,77,109,129,172,180,195,201,226,248,271,277,312,342],"(Flordimex)":[74,130,343],"at":[75,78,126,132,173,181,202,249,313],"500ml/ha,":[76],"1000ml/ha,":[79],"Ammonium":[80,93],"Thiosulphate":[81,94],"(ATS)":[82,95],"sprayed":[83,96,125,131],"flowers":[85,98],"old":[89],"shoots":[90,101],"(ATS":[91,102],"1),":[92],"older":[100],"2),":[103],"Amidthin":[104,107,193,241,244],"plus":[105,108,194,242,245,276],"Telmion,":[106],"unsprayed":[111,135],"control.":[112,136],"In":[113,221,251],"2002":[114,146,254],"Azolon":[121,255,275,388],"fluid":[122,256],"(Urea":[123],"formaldehyde),":[124],"7.5li/ha":[127],"300ml/ha":[133,314],"non-chemical":[138,371],"method":[140],"which":[141,281],"was":[142,147,156,378],"only":[143],"partial":[148],"defoliation":[149],"leaves.":[151],"experimental":[153],"design":[154,160],"used":[155],"randomized":[157],"complete":[158],"block":[159],"with":[161,333],"three":[162],"replications.":[163],"results":[165],"showed":[166],"that":[167],"1000ml/ha":[174,203,227],"had":[175,183,189,196,204,210,218,228,272,329],"67%":[176,340],"effect":[178],"while":[179,200,215,270,325,380],"500ml/ha":[182],"40%":[184],"thinning.":[185],"other":[187],"no":[190,219,330],"effect.":[192,220,331],"22%":[197],"yield":[198,206,214,316],"reduction":[199],"30%":[205],"reduction.":[207],"ATS":[208,216],"2":[209],"44%":[211],"increases":[212],"1":[217],"terms":[222],"size":[225,338,377],"best":[230],"preferred":[234],"diameter":[235],"class":[236],"70mm),":[238],"followed":[239],"Ethrel,":[243],"Telmion":[246],"500ml/ha.":[250],"resulted":[257],"55%":[259],"first":[263],"set":[265,296],"count":[266],"before":[267],"June":[268,299],"drop":[269],"56%":[273],"54%":[278],"not":[283,363],"significantly":[284,317,364],"different":[285,368],"from":[286,318,369],"defoliated":[287],"treatment.":[288],"Similar":[289],"trends":[291],"observed":[293],"for":[294],"counts":[297],"after":[298,387],"drop.":[300],"Transpiration":[301],"photosynthetic":[303],"rates":[304],"reduced":[306,315],"5%":[308],"20%,":[310],"respectively.":[311],"29.2kg/ha":[319],"control":[322],"25.5kg/tree":[324],"methylene":[326,334],"urea":[327,335],"(Azolon)":[328],"increased":[336],"79%":[345],"fruits":[347,359],"larger":[348],"than":[349],"70mm.":[350],"It":[351],"is":[352],"concluded":[353],"thinned":[357],"adequately":[360],"(P":[365],"\u2264":[366],"0.05)":[367],"improved":[379],"slightly":[385],"application.":[389]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}