{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140369591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","title":"Outsourcing of services, imported materials and the demand for heterogeneous labour: an application of a generalised box-cox function","display_name":"Outsourcing of services, imported materials and the demand for heterogeneous labour: an application of a generalised box-cox function","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140369591","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","mag":"2140369591"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de:533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/533/1/dp0051.pdf","pdf_url":"https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/533/1/dp0051.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196315","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Arbeitspapier"},"volume":null,"type":"report","is_traditional":false,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060727011","display_name":"Martin Falk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-6513","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0518-6513"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177364143","display_name":"Centre for European Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/02qnsw591","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177364143","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Martin Falk","raw_affiliation_strings":["ZEW \u2013 Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, P.O. Box 10 34 43, L 7,1 D-68161 Mannheim, Germany","ZEW \u2013 Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEW \u2013 Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research, P.O. Box 10 34 43, L 7,1 D-68161 Mannheim, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177364143"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ZEW \u2013 Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177364143"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031318819","display_name":"Bertrand Koebel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","display_name":"University College London","ror":"https://ror.org/02jx3x895","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I95793202","display_name":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00ggpsq73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertrand M. Koebel","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg - Institute of Economics and Business Administration, P.O. Box 4120, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","University College London - Department of Economics, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom","IZA Institute of Labor Economics","Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg - Institute of Economics and Business Administration","University College London - Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg - Institute of Economics and Business Administration, P.O. Box 4120, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London - Department of Economics, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Otto-von-Guericke-Universit\u00e4t Magdeburg - Institute of Economics and Business Administration","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I95793202"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University College London - Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060727011"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177364143"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.8109999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.14869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.008700000122189522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"outsourcing","score":0.7229999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skill-differentials","display_name":"skill differentials","score":0.5860000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-industry","display_name":"manufacturing industry","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/translog-cost-function","display_name":"translog cost function","score":0.9070000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/factor-substitution","display_name":"factor substitution","score":0.7039999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/output-growth","display_name":"output growth","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capital-growth","display_name":"capital growth","score":0.9760000109672546}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.7622512578964233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.556738018989563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5436829924583435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1411783","display_name":"Industrial organization","level":1,"score":0.419096440076828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145236788","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28161","display_name":"Labour economics","level":1,"score":0.3877063989639282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3305117189884186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.1613357961177826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":7,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:ub-madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de:533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/533/1/dp0051.pdf","pdf_url":"https://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/533/1/dp0051.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196315","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Arbeitspapier"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:zbw:zewdip:5335","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/24399/1/dp0051.pdf","pdf_url":"https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/24399/1/dp0051.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"mag:3124154725","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/zewdip/5335.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:MAUB:533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://madoc.bib.uni-mannheim.de/madoc/volltexte/2004/533/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196315","display_name":"MADOC (University of Mannheim)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177802217","host_organization_name":"University of Mannheim","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177802217"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ZEW Discussion Paper No. 00-51","raw_type":"ResearchPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015384940","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015384940&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/24399","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/24399","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.379381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.379381","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.379381","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W272897375","https://openalex.org/W1481212087","https://openalex.org/W1927807459","https://openalex.org/W2005861430","https://openalex.org/W2029825641","https://openalex.org/W2043461232","https://openalex.org/W2082971170","https://openalex.org/W2085719769","https://openalex.org/W2100201942","https://openalex.org/W2137931885","https://openalex.org/W2140898166","https://openalex.org/W2146440686","https://openalex.org/W2163796335","https://openalex.org/W2276950650","https://openalex.org/W2484644308","https://openalex.org/W3121328186","https://openalex.org/W3121698101","https://openalex.org/W3122575819","https://openalex.org/W3123404059","https://openalex.org/W3125291406"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982943829","https://openalex.org/W2184154163","https://openalex.org/W7095232914","https://openalex.org/W2270782336","https://openalex.org/W3090969898","https://openalex.org/W1975944859","https://openalex.org/W7096298524","https://openalex.org/W2085719769","https://openalex.org/W213339517","https://openalex.org/W2803289369"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"examines":[2],"the":[3,14,21,34,41,45,52,64,78],"effects":[4,71],"that":[5,51],"purchased":[6,86],"services":[7,87],"and":[8,26,44,56,74,85],"imported":[9,83],"intermediate":[10],"materials":[11,84],"have":[12],"on":[13,33],"labour":[15,68,73],"demand":[16,30,65],"for":[17,66],"different":[18],"skills":[19],"in":[20,62],"manufacturing":[22],"sector.":[23],"We":[24,49],"derive":[25],"estimate":[27],"a":[28,90],"factor":[29],"system":[31],"based":[32],"generalised":[35],"Box-Cox":[36],"cost":[37],"function":[38],"nesting":[39],"both":[40,82],"normalised":[42],"quadratic":[43],"translog":[46],"functional":[47],"form.":[48],"find":[50],"impacts":[53],"of":[54,81,92],"output":[55,93],"capital":[57],"growth":[58,94],"are":[59],"more":[60],"important":[61],"explaining":[63],"heterogeneous":[67],"than":[69,95],"substitution":[70],"between":[72],"non-labour":[75],"inputs.":[76],"Similarly,":[77],"increasing":[79],"use":[80],"is":[88],"rather":[89],"consequence":[91],"input":[96],"substitution.":[97]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}