{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140298081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","title":"Well-conditioned MLFMA formulation for closed PEC targets in the vicinity of a half space","display_name":"Well-conditioned MLFMA formulation for closed PEC targets in the vicinity of a half space","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-10-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140298081","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","mag":"2140298081"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/tap.2003.817981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85738991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","issn_l":"0018-926X","issn":["0018-926X","1558-2221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zhijun Liu","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijun Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. & Comput. Eng., Duke Univ., Durham, NC, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103051117","display_name":"Robert J. Adams","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7810-8884","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-7810-8884"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I143302722","display_name":"University of Kentucky","ror":"https://ror.org/02k3smh20","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.J. Adams","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I143302722"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016448581","display_name":"Lawrence Carin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6277-7948"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Carin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.1129,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87004642,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"51","issue":"10","first_page":"2822","last_page":"2829"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10739","display_name":"Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11263","display_name":"Electromagnetic Simulation and Numerical Methods","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10069","display_name":"Antenna Design and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilevel-fast-multipole-algorithm","display_name":"multilevel fast multipole algorithm","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perfect-electric-conductor","display_name":"perfect electric conductor","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/half-space","display_name":"half-space","score":0.7549999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/combined-field-integral-equation","display_name":"combined field integral equation","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field-integral-equation","display_name":"electric field integral equation","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromagnetic-scattering","display_name":"electromagnetic scattering","score":0.6759999990463257}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52765159","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027847","display_name":"Multipole expansion","level":2,"score":0.7755913734436035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3537527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5357276","display_name":"Electric-field integral equation","level":3,"score":0.7248697280883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16519606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897715","display_name":"Perfect conductor","level":3,"score":0.6841716766357422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27016315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q580101","display_name":"Integral equation","level":2,"score":0.6461848616600037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5917680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621825","display_name":"Basis function","level":2,"score":0.5623619556427002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5501837730407715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5128943920135498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34800285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5159395","display_name":"Conductor","level":2,"score":0.4821193218231201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.46758055686950684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.44136661291122437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4364974796772003},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.4066389799118042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2904015779495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.21286046504974365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.13505229353904724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.1348731517791748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.09403100609779358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/tap.2003.817981","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tap.2003.817981","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S85738991","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","issn_l":"0018-926X","issn":["0018-926X","1558-2221"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-a","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320753","host_organization_name":"IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320753","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Antennas & Propagation Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515302430","https://openalex.org/W1977162276","https://openalex.org/W2004008642","https://openalex.org/W2004018572","https://openalex.org/W2032800114","https://openalex.org/W2054380687","https://openalex.org/W2128556617","https://openalex.org/W2128993300","https://openalex.org/W2130542102","https://openalex.org/W2134452878","https://openalex.org/W2138674591","https://openalex.org/W2150495743","https://openalex.org/W2152839197","https://openalex.org/W2154089789","https://openalex.org/W2155417117","https://openalex.org/W2157029271","https://openalex.org/W2160497325","https://openalex.org/W2163068304","https://openalex.org/W2164811580","https://openalex.org/W2798909945","https://openalex.org/W3035315303"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2160497325","https://openalex.org/W1553615320","https://openalex.org/W2104038601","https://openalex.org/W2034545101","https://openalex.org/W2103548439","https://openalex.org/W2016892589","https://openalex.org/W1977162276","https://openalex.org/W2171090109","https://openalex.org/W2544157021","https://openalex.org/W2544435212"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,27,50],"multilevel":[1],"fast":[2],"multipole":[3],"algorithm":[4],"(MLFMA)":[5],"is":[6,54,57],"applied":[7],"to":[8,41,48,82],"the":[9,21,61],"problem":[10],"of":[11,23,63],"scattering":[12],"from":[13],"a":[14,24,33,42,64],"closed":[15,69],"perfect":[16],"electric":[17],"conductor":[18],"(PEC)":[19],"in":[20,60,77],"presence":[22],"half":[25],"space.":[26],"combined-field":[28],"integral":[29,36],"equation":[30,37],"(CFIE)":[31],"employs":[32],"new":[34,51],"electric-field":[35],"(EFIE)":[38],"formulation,":[39],"robust":[40],"high":[43],"basis-function":[44],"sample":[45],"rate,":[46],"relative":[47],"wavelength.":[49],"EFIE":[52],"formulation":[53],"discussed,":[55],"as":[56],"its":[58],"implementation":[59],"context":[62],"CFIE":[65],"MLFMA":[66,84],"analysis":[67],"for":[68],"PEC":[70],"targets.":[71],"Several":[72],"example":[73],"results":[74],"are":[75,80],"presented,":[76],"which":[78],"comparisons":[79],"made":[81],"traditional":[83],"formulations.":[85]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}