{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2140235142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","title":"Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body","display_name":"Pfinder: real-time tracking of the human body","publication_year":1997,"publication_date":"1997-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2140235142","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","mag":"2140235142"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/34.598236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2140235142"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10652","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109203386","display_name":"Christopher R. Wren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268810","display_name":"MIT Media Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/0253jyq40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.R. Wren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","Media Lab., MIT, Cambridge, MA, , USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Media Lab., MIT, Cambridge, MA, , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055068182","display_name":"Ali J. Azarbayejani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-8300","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5516-8300"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268810","display_name":"MIT Media Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/0253jyq40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Azarbayejani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029105520","display_name":"Trevor Darrell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-8533","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5453-8533"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268810","display_name":"MIT Media Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/0253jyq40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Darrell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007176508","display_name":"Alex Pentland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-9983","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-9983"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4405268810","display_name":"MIT Media Lab","ror":"https://ror.org/0253jyq40","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.P. Pentland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perceptual Computing Section, MIT Media Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4405268810","https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":60.8279,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4197,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9998421,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"7","first_page":"780","last_page":"785"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-body-tracking","display_name":"body tracking","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-tracking","display_name":"real-time tracking","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/head-detection","display_name":"head detection","score":0.574999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hand-detection","display_name":"hand detection","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/video-databases","display_name":"video databases","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-interface","display_name":"wireless interface","score":0.9150000214576721}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7764198780059814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.652826726436615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6421048641204834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.5341139435768127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154586513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420972","display_name":"Tracking system","level":3,"score":0.43872037529945374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.43268364667892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.39447247982025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157286648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846780","display_name":"Kalman filter","level":2,"score":0.12450844049453735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08352982997894287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/34.598236","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.598236","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["ccf-a","cwts-core","dongbi-a","doyens","jufo-3","medline","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.215.296","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.215.296","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.vision.auc.dk/education/teaching/CVG9ExercisePapers/pfinder.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.47.9503","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.47.9503","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"ftp://whitechapel.media.mit.edu/pub/tech-reports/TR-353.ps.Z","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/10652","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},{"id":"mag:3175802415","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/naid/10011639269","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/10652","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/10652","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Thesis"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501097240","https://openalex.org/W1635989058","https://openalex.org/W1986898085","https://openalex.org/W2034836133","https://openalex.org/W2040979895","https://openalex.org/W2042850474","https://openalex.org/W2069356045","https://openalex.org/W2119444142","https://openalex.org/W2131938593","https://openalex.org/W2132492105","https://openalex.org/W2140487300","https://openalex.org/W2144573889","https://openalex.org/W2157548127","https://openalex.org/W2178278515","https://openalex.org/W4300950779"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2150403242","https://openalex.org/W7052292184","https://openalex.org/W4413177535","https://openalex.org/W2996156854","https://openalex.org/W3142265346","https://openalex.org/W2065278673","https://openalex.org/W7115383548","https://openalex.org/W2900902928","https://openalex.org/W7100156103","https://openalex.org/W7095748496"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Pfinder":[0,63],"is":[1],"a":[2,18,39,49,57,69],"real-time":[3],"system":[4,37],"for":[5],"tracking":[6],"people":[7,30],"and":[8,23,45,54,79],"interpreting":[9],"their":[10],"behavior.":[11],"It":[12],"runs":[13],"at":[14],"10":[15],"Hz":[16],"on":[17,27],"standard":[19],"SGI":[20],"Indy":[21],"computer,":[22],"has":[24,64],"performed":[25],"reliably":[26],"thousands":[28],"of":[29,43,52,60,72],"in":[31,56,68],"many":[32],"different":[33],"physical":[34],"locations.":[35],"The":[36],"uses":[38],"multiclass":[40],"statistical":[41],"model":[42],"color":[44],"shape":[46],"to":[47],"obtain":[48],"2D":[50],"representation":[51],"head":[53],"hands":[55],"wide":[58,70],"range":[59,71],"viewing":[61],"conditions.":[62],"been":[65],"successfully":[66],"used":[67],"applications":[73],"including":[74],"wireless":[75],"interfaces,":[76],"video":[77],"databases,":[78],"low-bandwidth":[80],"coding.":[81]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":33},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":48},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":82},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":101},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":111},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":146},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":167},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":203},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":219},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":233}],"updated_date":"2026-11-12T12:28:57.059296","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}