{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139807141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","title":"How Does Information Technology Affect Productivity? Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement, and Worker Skills","display_name":"How Does Information Technology Affect Productivity? Plant-Level Comparisons of Product Innovation, Process Improvement, and Worker Skills","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139807141","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","mag":"2139807141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048001344","display_name":"Ann P. Bartel","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Bartel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business, Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069026679","display_name":"Casey Ichniowski","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78577930","display_name":"Columbia University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hj8s172","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Ichniowski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business, Columbia University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business, Columbia University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78577930"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112219963","display_name":"Kathryn L. Shaw","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Shaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Business, Stanford University","Graduate School of Business Stanford Univ"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business, Stanford University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Business Stanford Univ","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":7619,"currency":"USD","value_usd":7619},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":72.7757,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":712,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99915755,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"122","issue":"4","first_page":"1721","last_page":"1758"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.6371999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10393","display_name":"Economic Growth and Productivity","score":0.6371999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.12229999899864197,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10208","display_name":"Labor market dynamics and wage inequality","score":0.052299998700618744,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-technology-adoption","display_name":"information technology adoption","score":0.9760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/productivity","display_name":"productivity","score":0.5899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valve-manufacturing","display_name":"valve manufacturing","score":0.8700000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product-innovation","display_name":"product innovation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-improvement","display_name":"process improvement","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/setup-times","display_name":"setup times","score":0.6430000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/customized-manufacturing","display_name":"customized production","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce-skills","display_name":"employability skills","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-operators","display_name":"machine operators","score":0.6779999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-resource-management-practices","display_name":"human resource management practices","score":0.9509999752044678}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204983608","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2111958","display_name":"Productivity","level":2,"score":0.7933390140533447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6826883554458618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1606558","display_name":"Affect (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5368220806121826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75434695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7247768","display_name":"Product innovation","level":2,"score":0.4359711706638336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.42859140038490295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018669867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49088","display_name":"Columbia university","level":2,"score":0.42539703845977783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.38685211539268494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.34557121992111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.3312445878982544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.30865973234176636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.21680444478988647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.18033254146575928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12143227458000183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.08576011657714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S203860005","display_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","issn_l":"0033-5533","issn":["0033-5533","1531-4650"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","ft50","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Quarterly Journal of Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:oup:qjecon:v:122:y:2007:i:4:p:1721-1758.","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10.1162/qjec.2007.122.4.1721","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9"},{"score":0.9211000204086304,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.47999998927116394,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566586761","https://openalex.org/W1496258072","https://openalex.org/W1524917602","https://openalex.org/W1530306231","https://openalex.org/W1533367220","https://openalex.org/W1540009446","https://openalex.org/W1549833036","https://openalex.org/W1551521380","https://openalex.org/W1562620462","https://openalex.org/W1997272413","https://openalex.org/W2024078503","https://openalex.org/W2028534080","https://openalex.org/W2028887564","https://openalex.org/W2030581233","https://openalex.org/W2046072502","https://openalex.org/W2078001550","https://openalex.org/W2080019959","https://openalex.org/W2103419131","https://openalex.org/W2117735259","https://openalex.org/W2129432581","https://openalex.org/W2158985433","https://openalex.org/W2162741948","https://openalex.org/W2416841631","https://openalex.org/W2590957573","https://openalex.org/W2801911566","https://openalex.org/W2890782667","https://openalex.org/W2890811553","https://openalex.org/W2891268467","https://openalex.org/W2892380133","https://openalex.org/W3025590548","https://openalex.org/W3121262326","https://openalex.org/W3123141269","https://openalex.org/W3123666924","https://openalex.org/W3124350053","https://openalex.org/W3124392856","https://openalex.org/W3124544360","https://openalex.org/W3124990081","https://openalex.org/W3126096970","https://openalex.org/W3140624355","https://openalex.org/W6675140020"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2098519255","https://openalex.org/W2560936962","https://openalex.org/W2788727012","https://openalex.org/W2526386912","https://openalex.org/W4388203630","https://openalex.org/W1543056659","https://openalex.org/W1919728284","https://openalex.org/W2410591377","https://openalex.org/W2323113755","https://openalex.org/W2587622900"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"study":[1],"the":[2,67,73,109,129,142],"effects":[3],"of":[4,69,72,120,132,144],"new":[5,48,63,121,145],"information":[6],"technologies":[7],"(IT)":[8],"on":[9,18],"productivity,":[10],"we":[11],"have":[12],"assembled":[13],"a":[14],"unique":[15],"data":[16],"set":[17],"plants":[19,45],"in":[20,87,111,128],"one":[21,103],"narrowly":[22],"defined":[23],"industry\u2014valve":[24],"manufacturing\u2014and":[25],"analyze":[26],"several":[27],"plant-level":[28],"mechanisms":[29],"through":[30],"which":[31],"IT":[32,64],"could":[33],"promote":[34],"productivity":[35],"growth.":[36],"The":[37,85],"empirical":[38],"analysis":[39],"reveals":[40],"three":[41],"main":[42],"results.":[43],"First,":[44],"that":[46],"adopt":[47],"IT-enhanced":[49,122],"equipment":[50,124],"also":[51],"shift":[52],"their":[53],"business":[54,112],"strategies":[55],"by":[56,76],"producing":[57],"more":[58,115],"customized":[59,116],"valve":[60],"products.":[61],"Second,":[62],"investments":[65],"improve":[66],"efficiency":[68],"all":[70],"stages":[71],"production":[74,101],"process":[75],"reducing":[77],"setup":[78,88],"times,":[79,81],"run":[80],"and":[82,107,137,140],"inspection":[83],"times.":[84],"reductions":[86],"times":[89],"are":[90],"theoretically":[91],"important":[92],"because":[93],"they":[94],"make":[95],"it":[96],"less":[97],"costly":[98],"to":[99,105,114,149],"switch":[100],"from":[102],"product":[104],"another":[106],"support":[108,150],"change":[110],"strategy":[113],"production.":[117],"Third,":[118],"adoption":[119,143],"capital":[123],"coincides":[125],"with":[126,141],"increases":[127],"skill":[130],"requirements":[131],"machine":[133],"operators,":[134],"notably":[135],"technical":[136],"problem-solving":[138],"skills,":[139],"human":[146],"resource":[147],"practices":[148],"these":[151],"skills.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":58},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":56},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":47},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":41},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":29}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}