{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139803290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","title":"The Current Availability of Antiepileptic Drugs in Zambia: Implications for the ILAE/WHO \u201cOut of the Shadows\u201d Campaign","display_name":"The Current Availability of Antiepileptic Drugs in Zambia: Implications for the ILAE/WHO \u201cOut of the Shadows\u201d Campaign","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139803290","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","mag":"2139803290","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20810822","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2929053"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100045985","display_name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issn_l":"0002-9637","issn":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315658","host_organization_name":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315658"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2929053","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103574880","display_name":"Elwyn Chomba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8652-139X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8652-139X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7755-9951"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33278361","display_name":"University of Zambia","ror":"https://ror.org/03gh19d69","country_code":"ZM","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}],"countries":["ZM"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elwyn Nachanya Chomba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. embewe2001@yahoo.com","Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia. embewe2001@yahoo.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33278361"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109169514","display_name":"Alan Haworth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alan Haworth","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111744490","display_name":"Edward K. Mbewe","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edward Mbewe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029605145","display_name":"Masharip Atadzhanov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-8141","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3708-8141"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masharip Atadzhanov","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041416115","display_name":"Phillimon Ndubani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-5472","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2167-5472"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Philimon Ndubani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015022649","display_name":"Henry Kansembe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-2905","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3730-2905"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Henry Kansembe","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013380406","display_name":"Gretchen Lano Birbeck","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-3461","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0735-3461"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gretchen Lano Birbeck","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013380406"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.4012,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87951301,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"3","first_page":"571","last_page":"574"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.7720000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10094","display_name":"Epilepsy research and treatment","score":0.7720000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11792","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Economics and Policy","score":0.17640000581741333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12878","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting","score":0.01269999984651804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiepileptic-drugs","display_name":"antiepileptic drugs","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine-availability","display_name":"drug availability","score":0.9729999899864197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-shortages","display_name":"drug shortages","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epilepsy","display_name":"epilepsy","score":0.4300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/out-of-pocket-costs","display_name":"out-of-pocket costs","score":0.7570000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenobarbital","display_name":"phenobarbital","score":0.8410000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbamazepine","display_name":"carbamazepine","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/valproic-acid","display_name":"valproic acid","score":0.9890000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phenytoin","display_name":"phenytoin","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/access-to-pharmacy-services","display_name":"pharmacy access","score":0.42100000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zambia","display_name":"Zambia","score":0.5139999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/low-income-countries","display_name":"low-income countries","score":0.734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148043351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4456944","display_name":"Current (fluid)","level":2,"score":0.5672824382781982},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994127763","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576618","display_name":"Antiepileptic drug","level":3,"score":0.5244917273521423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4555462896823883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778186239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41571","display_name":"Epilepsy","level":2,"score":0.44910168647766113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.3527761995792389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.1724207103252411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.07831770181655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000927","descriptor_name":"Anticonvulsants","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000927","descriptor_name":"Anticonvulsants","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000927","descriptor_name":"Anticonvulsants","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004827","descriptor_name":"Epilepsy","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006297","descriptor_name":"Health Services Accessibility","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015024","descriptor_name":"Zambia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016527","descriptor_name":"Drug Costs","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2010.10-0100","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S100045985","display_name":"American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","issn_l":"0002-9637","issn":["0002-9637","1476-1645"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315658","host_organization_name":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315658"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2167446","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2929053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2929053","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2929053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Am J Trop Med Hyg","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:20810822","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20810822","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2167446","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2929053","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.98580002784729,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"No poverty","score":0.5199999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3504341171","display_name":"Epilepsy-associated stigma in Zambia","funder_award_id":"R21NS048060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5819424","display_name":"Epilepsy-associated stigma in Zambia: Evidence-based interventions and outcomes","funder_award_id":"R01NS061693","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337359","display_name":"National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke","ror":"https://ror.org/01s5ya894"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1544366027","https://openalex.org/W1985689307","https://openalex.org/W1986485723","https://openalex.org/W2008094350","https://openalex.org/W2038064049","https://openalex.org/W2041575901","https://openalex.org/W2073348861","https://openalex.org/W2083404739","https://openalex.org/W2084053862","https://openalex.org/W2090985626","https://openalex.org/W2097230169","https://openalex.org/W2122047846","https://openalex.org/W2149183946","https://openalex.org/W2168909135","https://openalex.org/W2169120138","https://openalex.org/W3125064320","https://openalex.org/W3148988325","https://openalex.org/W6678239900"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7130517042","https://openalex.org/W2048384137","https://openalex.org/W2164827888","https://openalex.org/W2531531861","https://openalex.org/W3083444639","https://openalex.org/W2341975828","https://openalex.org/W3170503391","https://openalex.org/W4211242749","https://openalex.org/W2973995881","https://openalex.org/W2094895294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"concerns":[1],"regarding":[2],"antiepileptic":[3],"drug":[4,124],"(AED)":[5],"availability":[6,24],"in":[7,15,108],"Zambia":[8],"led":[9],"us":[10],"to":[11,21,70,81,129,141],"conduct":[12],"a":[13],"study":[14],"the":[16,23,89,130,145],"Lusaka":[17],"and":[18,25,29,58],"Southern":[19],"Provinces":[20],"quantify":[22],"cost":[26],"of":[27,98,122,144],"AEDs":[28,40,46],"assess":[30],"determinants.":[31],"Among":[32],"111":[33],"pharmacies,":[34],"almost":[35],"one-half":[36],"did":[37],"not":[38],"carry":[39],"(N":[41],"=":[42],"54;":[43],"49.1%).":[44],"Available":[45],"were":[47,74],"phenobarbitone":[48,87],"(21;":[49],"18.9%),":[50],"carbamazepine":[51],"(27;":[52],"24.3%),":[53],"valproic":[54],"acid":[55],"(4;":[56],"3.6%),":[57],"phenytoin":[59],"(3;":[60],"2.7%).":[61],"Adult":[62],"out-of-pocket":[63],"monthly":[64],"costs":[65],"ranged":[66],"from":[67],"US":[68],"$7":[69],"$30.":[71],"Pediatric":[72],"syrups":[73],"universally":[75],"unavailable.":[76],"Interviews":[77],"revealed":[78],"several":[79],"barriers":[80],"AED":[82,131,152],"provision,":[83],"including":[84],"that":[85,114],"handling":[86],"(historically":[88],"most":[90],"affordable":[91],"AED)":[92],"has":[93],"become":[94],"increasingly":[95],"difficult":[96],"because":[97],"newly":[99],"enforced":[100],"regulatory":[101],"requirements.":[102],"Personal":[103],"communications":[104],"with":[105,139],"epilepsy-care":[106],"providers":[107],"other":[109],"low":[110],"income":[111],"countries":[112],"suggest":[113],"this":[115],"problem":[116],"may":[117,126],"be":[118,127,148],"widespread.":[119],"Improved":[120],"enforcement":[121],"existing":[123],"regulations":[125],"contributing":[128],"shortage.":[132],"Social":[133],"programs":[134],"aimed":[135],"at":[136],"encouraging":[137],"people":[138],"epilepsy":[140],"come":[142],"\"out":[143],"shadows\"":[146],"must":[147],"preceded":[149],"by":[150],"improved":[151],"access.":[153]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}