{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139778911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","title":"An aquatic toxicological evaluation of sulfate: The case for considering hardness as a modifying factor in setting water quality guidelines","display_name":"An aquatic toxicological evaluation of sulfate: The case for considering hardness as a modifying factor in setting water quality guidelines","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139778911","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","mag":"2139778911","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20872896"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/etc.363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136710263","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","issn_l":"0730-7268","issn":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078774223","display_name":"James R. Elphick","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-3715","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7436-3715"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115510","display_name":"Nautilus Environmental","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztdb698","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"James R Elphick","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Martin Davies","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hatfield Consultants, North Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hatfield Consultants, North Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046009292","display_name":"Guy L. Gilron","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-8808","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9564-8808"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799324594","display_name":"Teck (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/05cggb038","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799324594"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guy Gilron","raw_affiliation_strings":["Teck Resources Limited, Vancouver, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Teck Resources Limited, Vancouver, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799324594"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003903397","display_name":"Edmund Canaria","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115510","display_name":"Nautilus Environmental","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztdb698","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Edmund C Canaria","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015138190","display_name":"Bonnie P. Lo","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115510","display_name":"Nautilus Environmental","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztdb698","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bonnie Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110359921","display_name":"Howard C. Bailey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210115510","display_name":"Nautilus Environmental","ror":"https://ror.org/01ztdb698","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Howard C Bailey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Nautilus Environmental, 8664 Commerce Court, Burnaby, BC, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078774223"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210115510"],"apc_list":{"value":3500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3326,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":100,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.77131251,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"1","first_page":"247","last_page":"253"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10447","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Ecotoxicology","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10236","display_name":"Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13092","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry and Analysis","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2304","display_name":"Environmental Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sulfate","display_name":"sulfate","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-quality-criteria","display_name":"water quality criteria","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-hardness","display_name":"water hardness","score":0.984000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chronic-toxicity","display_name":"chronic toxicity","score":0.9139999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-sensitivity-distribution","display_name":"species sensitivity distribution","score":0.9440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/safety-factor","display_name":"safety factor","score":0.7519999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aquatic-organisms","display_name":"aquatic organisms","score":0.5429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invertebrates","display_name":"invertebrates","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fish","display_name":"fish","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algae","display_name":"algae","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mosses","display_name":"bryophytes","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/amphibians","display_name":"amphibians","score":0.8180000185966492}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778343803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172290","display_name":"Sulfate","level":2,"score":0.8106446862220764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780797713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625376","display_name":"Water quality","level":2,"score":0.6317436099052429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13474642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43806","display_name":"Invertebrate","level":2,"score":0.6127935647964478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.573290228843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5676391124725342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29730261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274160","display_name":"Toxicity","level":2,"score":0.5523074269294739},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151867941","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22988272","display_name":"Hard water","level":2,"score":0.5375416278839111},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909208804","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q127282","display_name":"Fish <Actinopterygii>","level":2,"score":0.488400399684906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.35553908348083496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.29712605476379395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.2970573902130127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C505870484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180538","display_name":"Fishery","level":1,"score":0.2520676851272583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.22399809956550598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000460","descriptor_name":"Chlorophyta","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000663","descriptor_name":"Amphibians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001955","descriptor_name":"British Columbia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005399","descriptor_name":"Fishes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005618","descriptor_name":"Fresh Water","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007448","descriptor_name":"Invertebrates","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013431","descriptor_name":"Sulfates","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013431","descriptor_name":"Sulfates","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014874","descriptor_name":"Water Pollutants, Chemical","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014874","descriptor_name":"Water Pollutants, Chemical","qualifier_ui":"Q000633","qualifier_name":"toxicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014876","descriptor_name":"Water Pollution","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018570","descriptor_name":"Risk Assessment","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018675","descriptor_name":"Toxicity Tests","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018675","descriptor_name":"Toxicity Tests","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019068","descriptor_name":"Bryopsida","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058735","descriptor_name":"Environmental Policy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059001","descriptor_name":"Aquatic Organisms","qualifier_ui":"Q000187","qualifier_name":"drug effects","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/etc.363","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.363","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S136710263","display_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","issn_l":"0730-7268","issn":["0730-7268","1552-8618"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:20872896","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20872896","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Environmental toxicology and chemistry","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6","score":0.965499997138977,"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.4000000059604645,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W142638454","https://openalex.org/W1856219842","https://openalex.org/W1964499340","https://openalex.org/W2027935891","https://openalex.org/W2066298324","https://openalex.org/W2075318365","https://openalex.org/W2082542760","https://openalex.org/W2097363884","https://openalex.org/W2270313388","https://openalex.org/W2413465505","https://openalex.org/W4400154082","https://openalex.org/W6694166325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2335732481","https://openalex.org/W4376111704","https://openalex.org/W1968490524","https://openalex.org/W2171653497","https://openalex.org/W1993758444","https://openalex.org/W2075318365","https://openalex.org/W1581855720","https://openalex.org/W1962742013","https://openalex.org/W2270313388","https://openalex.org/W2022233505"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Elevated":[0],"concentrations":[1],"of":[2,35,40,68,111,119],"sulfate":[3,120],"occur":[4],"commonly":[5],"in":[6,21,94,108,114,133],"anthropogenically":[7],"impacted":[8],"and":[9,24,45,98,122,127,144,155,164,167],"natural":[10],"waters.":[11],"However,":[12],"water":[13,123,146],"quality":[14],"guidelines":[15],"(WQG)":[16],"have":[17],"not":[18],"been":[19],"developed":[20],"many":[22],"jurisdictions,":[23],"chronic":[25,51],"toxicity":[26,52,121],"data":[27,71],"are":[28],"scarce":[29],"for":[30,50,136],"this":[31],"anion.":[32],"A":[33],"variety":[34],"test":[36],"organisms,":[37],"including":[38],"species":[39,86],"invertebrate,":[41],"fish,":[42],"algae,":[43],"moss,":[44],"an":[46,66],"amphibian,":[47],"were":[48,79,152],"tested":[49],"to":[53,62,75,104],"develop":[54,63],"a":[55,85,99],"robust":[56],"dataset":[57],"that":[58],"could":[59],"be":[60,73],"used":[61,74,107],"WQGs.":[64],"As":[65],"example":[67],"how":[69],"these":[70],"might":[72],"establish":[76],"guidelines,":[77],"calculations":[78],"performed":[80],"using":[81],"two":[82],"standard":[83],"procedures:":[84],"sensitivity":[87],"distribution":[88],"(SSD)":[89],"approach,":[90,102,163],"following":[91,160,171],"methods":[92],"employed":[93],"developing":[95],"Canadian":[96],"WQGs,":[97],"safety":[100,173],"factor":[101,174],"according":[103],"procedures":[105],"typically":[106],"the":[109,130,161,172],"development":[110],"provincial":[112],"WQGs":[113],"British":[115],"Columbia.":[116],"The":[117,149],"interaction":[118],"hardness":[124],"was":[125],"evaluated":[126],"incorporated":[128],"into":[129],"calculations,":[131],"resulting":[132,150],"separate":[134],"values":[135,151],"soft":[137],"(10-40":[138],"mg/L),":[139],"moderately":[140],"hard":[141,145],"(80-100":[142],"mg/L)":[143],"(160-250":[147],"mg/L).":[148],"129,":[153],"644,":[154],"725":[156],"mg/L":[157,169],"sulfate,":[158,170],"respectively,":[159],"SSD":[162],"75,":[165],"625,":[166],"675":[168],"approach.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}