{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139762445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","title":"Race-, Age-, Gender-, and Refractive Error\u2014Related Differences in the Normal Optic Disc","display_name":"Race-, Age-, Gender-, and Refractive Error\u2014Related Differences in the Normal Optic Disc","publication_year":1994,"publication_date":"1994-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139762445","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","mag":"2139762445","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8053821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80523760","display_name":"Archives of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0003-9950","issn":["0003-9950","1538-3601"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2139762445"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046921541","display_name":"Rohit Varma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-2909","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9224-2909"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Varma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology, Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J M Tielsch","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J M Tielsch","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University ("],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"H A Quigley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H A Quigley","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"S C Hilton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S C Hilton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Johns Hopkins University ("],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Johns Hopkins University (","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"J Katz","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J Katz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloomberg School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"G L Spaeth","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I871049931","display_name":"Wills Eye Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03qygnx22","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I871049931"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G L Spaeth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wills Eye Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wills Eye Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I871049931"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A Sommer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A Sommer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bloomberg School of Public Health"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bloomberg School of Public Health","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.9307,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":371,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97612478,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"112","issue":"8","first_page":"1068","last_page":"1068"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9848999977111816,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10381","display_name":"Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies","score":0.0026000000070780516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-disc","display_name":"optic nerve head","score":0.8880000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.7639999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-and-white-populations","display_name":"black and white populations","score":0.5109999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-disc-topography","display_name":"optic disc topography","score":0.6729999780654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cup-to-disc-ratio","display_name":"cup-to-disc ratio","score":0.890999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disc-area","display_name":"disc area","score":0.7170000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-related-changes","display_name":"age-related changes","score":0.6800000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.7879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/refractive-error","display_name":"refractive error","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glaucoma-screening","display_name":"glaucoma screening","score":0.765999972820282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optic-neuropathy","display_name":"optic neuropathy","score":0.621999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779735895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16873995","display_name":"Optic disc","level":3,"score":0.7706906795501709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781135284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q470427","display_name":"Refractive error","level":3,"score":0.7558091878890991},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118487528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161437","display_name":"Ophthalmology","level":1,"score":0.5883291363716125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5272311568260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.5136367678642273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780837183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186029","display_name":"Optic nerve","level":2,"score":0.4391060173511505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.36078572273254395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778527774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159701","display_name":"Glaucoma","level":2,"score":0.32591015100479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776148792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3041498","display_name":"Eye disease","level":2,"score":0.2348092794418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000886","descriptor_name":"Anthropometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009898","descriptor_name":"Optic Disk","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009898","descriptor_name":"Optic Disk","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010781","descriptor_name":"Photography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012030","descriptor_name":"Refractive Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000208","qualifier_name":"ethnology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012030","descriptor_name":"Refractive Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012737","descriptor_name":"Sex Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015142","descriptor_name":"Baltimore","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.1994.01090200074026","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S80523760","display_name":"Archives of Ophthalmology","issn_l":"0003-9950","issn":["0003-9950","1538-3601"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320259","host_organization_name":"American Medical Association","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320259"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Medical Association"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of Ophthalmology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:8053821","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8053821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Archives of ophthalmology (Chicago, Ill. : 1960)","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9391000270843506}],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2821602965","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EY-05091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3415138996","display_name":"RACIAL VARIATIONS IN CHRONIC OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA","funder_award_id":"R01EY005091","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","funder_display_name":"National Eye Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4131312851","display_name":"D.E.C. MICROVAX II MINICOMPUTER SYSTEM","funder_award_id":"S10RR004060","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","funder_display_name":"National Center for Research Resources"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337350","display_name":"National Eye Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkg3b53"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337375","display_name":"National Center for Research Resources","ror":"https://ror.org/04pw6fb54"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W6335717","https://openalex.org/W124846556","https://openalex.org/W164309747","https://openalex.org/W1721128116","https://openalex.org/W1968169793","https://openalex.org/W1968916432","https://openalex.org/W1969924130","https://openalex.org/W1970036712","https://openalex.org/W1977837148","https://openalex.org/W1984513859","https://openalex.org/W1984748796","https://openalex.org/W1991022676","https://openalex.org/W1992365313","https://openalex.org/W1996314276","https://openalex.org/W1999106231","https://openalex.org/W1999816153","https://openalex.org/W2012702318","https://openalex.org/W2015960264","https://openalex.org/W2020106163","https://openalex.org/W2020871883","https://openalex.org/W2024073759","https://openalex.org/W2027185272","https://openalex.org/W2033278783","https://openalex.org/W2046466969","https://openalex.org/W2051565305","https://openalex.org/W2053217707","https://openalex.org/W2062183315","https://openalex.org/W2064791649","https://openalex.org/W2064864594","https://openalex.org/W2073260167","https://openalex.org/W2082501382","https://openalex.org/W2084503353","https://openalex.org/W2086686400","https://openalex.org/W2090404086","https://openalex.org/W2125948382","https://openalex.org/W2149860264","https://openalex.org/W2154022435","https://openalex.org/W2217612888","https://openalex.org/W2325814183","https://openalex.org/W2415328118","https://openalex.org/W2417123696","https://openalex.org/W2741214931","https://openalex.org/W4245839829","https://openalex.org/W4320300911"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2169946423","https://openalex.org/W1980681898","https://openalex.org/W2046656899","https://openalex.org/W2325126519","https://openalex.org/W2119133222","https://openalex.org/W2414918256","https://openalex.org/W2137540653","https://openalex.org/W2012702318","https://openalex.org/W2026260099","https://openalex.org/W2371041689"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"race-,":[3],"age-,":[4,60],"gender-,":[5,61],"and":[6,13,27,42,62,79,97,190,233,256,270,314],"refractive":[7,63,231,303],"error-related":[8,64],"differences":[9,65,208,245,258,310],"in":[10,19,66,209,246,262,277,294,311],"the":[11,16,101,126,138,144,147,212,236,247,265,275,312,317],"size":[12,313],"topography":[14,315],"of":[15,31,38,52,100,119,128,146,211,235,264,281,286,316],"optic":[17,53,67,90,222,237,249,266,272,319],"disc":[18,68,70,91,148,156,213,238,250,267],"healthy":[20,103],"Americans.":[21],"DESIGN:":[22],"Population-based":[23],"study.":[24],"SETTING:":[25],"Eastern":[26],"southeastern":[28],"health":[29],"districts":[30],"Baltimore,":[32],"Md.":[33],"PARTICIPANTS:":[34],"A":[35,117],"population-based":[36],"sample":[37],"4877":[39,102],"non-institutionalized":[40],"black":[41,96],"white":[43],"individuals":[44,104,121,276],"aged":[45],"40":[46,284],"years":[47,285],"or":[48,288],"older":[49],"without":[50],"evidence":[51],"nerve":[54],"disease.":[55],"MAIN":[56],"OUTCOME":[57],"MEASURE:":[58],"Race-,":[59],"measurements:":[69],"area,":[71,74,76],"neural":[72,80,181,192,295],"rim":[73,81,182,193,296],"cup":[75,139,165],"cup-to-disc":[77,174],"ratio,":[78],"area-to-disc":[82,194],"area":[83,195,297],"ratio.":[84],"RESULTS:":[85],"We":[86],"analyzed":[87],"simultaneous":[88],"stereoscopic":[89],"photographs":[92],"from":[93,131],"3387":[94],"(1534":[95],"1853":[98],"white)":[99],"using":[105],"an":[106],"image":[107,135],"analyzer":[108,136],"(Topcon":[109],"Image":[110],"Analyzer,":[111],"Topcon":[112],"Instrument":[113],"Corporation,":[114],"Paramus,":[115],"NJ).":[116],"total":[118],"1490":[120],"were":[122,205,283,305],"excluded":[123],"owing":[124],"to":[125,219],"absence":[127],"good-quality":[129],"images":[130],"either":[132],"eye.":[133],"The":[134],"defined":[137],"margin":[140],"150":[141],"microns":[142],"below":[143],"surface":[145],"margin.":[149],"On":[150],"average,":[151],"blacks":[152],"had":[153,217],"significantly":[154],"larger":[155,164,173,221],"areas":[157,166,183],"(blacks,":[158,167,176,184,197],"2.94":[159],"mm2;":[160,169,186],"whites,":[161,170,178,187,199],"2.63":[162],"mm2),":[163,172,189],"1.04":[168],"0.71":[171],"ratios":[175,196],"0.56;":[177],"0.49),":[179],"similar":[180],"1.90":[185],"1.92":[188],"smaller":[191],"0.66;":[198],"0.74)":[200],"compared":[201,224],"with":[202,225,307],"whites.":[203],"There":[204],"no":[206,290],"age-related":[207,292],"any":[210,234,308],"measurements.":[214],"Male":[215],"subjects":[216],"2%":[218],"3%":[220],"discs":[223],"female":[226],"subjects.":[227],"No":[228],"association":[229],"between":[230],"error":[232,304],"measurements":[239],"studied":[240],"was":[241,298],"detected.":[242],"CONCLUSIONS:":[243],"Racial":[244],"normal":[248,318],"are":[251],"present":[252],"among":[253],"urban":[254],"Americans,":[255],"these":[257],"must":[259],"be":[260],"considered":[261],"evaluation":[263],"for":[268],"glaucoma":[269],"other":[271],"neuropathies.":[273],"Among":[274],"our":[278],"study,":[279],"all":[280],"whom":[282],"age":[287],"older,":[289],"progressive":[291],"decline":[293],"detectable.":[299],"Neither":[300],"gender":[301],"nor":[302],"associated":[306],"significant":[309],"disc.":[320]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-15T12:55:33.944570","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
