{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139674809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","title":"What we know about upward appraisals of management: Facilitating the future use of UPAs","display_name":"What we know about upward appraisals of management: Facilitating the future use of UPAs","publication_year":1996,"publication_date":"1996-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139674809","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","mag":"2139674809"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191693275","display_name":"Human Resource Development Quarterly","issn_l":"1044-8004","issn":["1044-8004","1532-1096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Development Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109307487","display_name":"James L. Hall","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"James L. Hall","raw_affiliation_strings":["James L Hall is associate professor, Leavy School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"James L Hall is associate professor, Leavy School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040756177","display_name":"Joel K. Leiaecker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16269868","display_name":"Santa Clara University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ypqe447","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joel K. Leiaecker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Joel K. Leidecker is associate professor, Leavy School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Joel K. Leidecker is associate professor, Leavy School of Business, Santa Clara University, Santa Clara, California","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16269868"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102155629","display_name":"Christopher DiMarco","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher DiMarco","raw_affiliation_strings":["Christopher DiMarco is research assistant, Leavy School of Business, Sania Clara University, Santa Clara, California"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Christopher DiMarco is research assistant, Leavy School of Business, Sania Clara University, Santa Clara, California","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3700,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3700},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3476,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83219512,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"3","first_page":"209","last_page":"226"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11994","display_name":"Human Resource Development and Performance Evaluation","score":0.8442000150680542,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14309","display_name":"Employee Performance and Management","score":0.03849999979138374,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3307","display_name":"Human Factors and Ergonomics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12843","display_name":"Human Resource and Talent Management","score":0.027300000190734863,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1407","display_name":"Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-evaluation-human-resources","display_name":"performance evaluation (human resources)","score":0.5260000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-improvement","display_name":"continuous improvement","score":0.7059999704360962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-development","display_name":"management development","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/implementation-guidelines","display_name":"implementation guidelines","score":0.6100000143051147}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.33589738607406616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107826830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929380","display_name":"Environmental resource management","level":1,"score":0.32412466406822205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18829143047332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.14464688301086426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.3920070303","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S191693275","display_name":"Human Resource Development Quarterly","issn_l":"1044-8004","issn":["1044-8004","1532-1096"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","erih-plus","fnege-4","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Human Resource Development Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W567604335","https://openalex.org/W1555791436","https://openalex.org/W1920760581","https://openalex.org/W2014535393","https://openalex.org/W2017200158","https://openalex.org/W2022475872","https://openalex.org/W2030782638","https://openalex.org/W2041004556","https://openalex.org/W2061431554","https://openalex.org/W2072209904","https://openalex.org/W2094492235","https://openalex.org/W2160649244","https://openalex.org/W2247912898","https://openalex.org/W2276871617","https://openalex.org/W2494797454","https://openalex.org/W2939626936","https://openalex.org/W4242473404","https://openalex.org/W6668667314","https://openalex.org/W6724039774"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2003051508","https://openalex.org/W30072040","https://openalex.org/W2405463339","https://openalex.org/W2042080891","https://openalex.org/W1999188247","https://openalex.org/W348076927","https://openalex.org/W1538645351","https://openalex.org/W805830548","https://openalex.org/W2085869816","https://openalex.org/W4249734751"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"A":[1],"comprehensive":[2],"review":[3],"of":[4,29,45,54,64,81],"the":[5,26,55,62],"literature":[6],"on":[7],"upward":[8],"performance":[9],"appraisals":[10],"(UPAs)":[11],"reveals":[12],"that":[13],"UPAs":[14,30,65],"are":[15],"a":[16,33],"seldom\u2010used":[17],"management":[18],"tool;":[19],"however,":[20],"compared":[21],"to":[22],"traditional":[23],"top\u2010down":[24],"appraisals,":[25],"developmental":[27],"focus":[28],"may":[31],"be":[32,49,84,101],"better":[34],"fit":[35],"with":[36],"such":[37],"emerging":[38],"concepts":[39],"as":[40],"continuous":[41],"improvement.":[42],"Organizational":[43],"use":[44,63],"this":[46],"tool":[47],"can":[48,83],"facilitated":[50],"by":[51,67,86],"an":[52],"understanding":[53],"major":[56,76],"reasons":[57],"given":[58],"for":[59,71],"and":[60,66,95,97],"against":[61],"twelve":[68],"key":[69],"recommendations":[70],"effectively":[72],"implementing":[73],"UPAs.":[74],"Three":[75],"formats":[77],"(and":[78],"several":[79],"variations":[80],"each)":[82],"used":[85],"organizations.":[87],"This":[88],"article":[89],"identifies":[90],"each":[91],"format,":[92],"its":[93],"advantages":[94],"disadvantages,":[96],"when":[98],"it":[99],"should":[100],"used.":[102]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
