{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139363301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","title":"Thermal considerations in cooling large scale high compute density data centers","display_name":"Thermal considerations in cooling large scale high compute density data centers","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139363301","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","mag":"2139363301"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169055","display_name":"I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1087-9870","issn":["1087-9870","2577-0799"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ITherm 2002. Eighth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.02CH37258)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054688680","display_name":"Chandrakant D. Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-4457","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2340-4457"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.D. Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102736348","display_name":"Ratnesh Kumar Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-2120","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9139-2120","https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5022-0945"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043000769","display_name":"Cullen E. Bash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3177-3041","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3177-3041"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.E. Bash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056112638","display_name":"Abdlmonem H. Beitelmal","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1324840837","display_name":"Hewlett-Packard (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059rn9488","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Beitelmal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hewlett\u2013Packard Laboratories, Palo Alto, CA, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1324840837"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":23.0618,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":176,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99759119,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"767","last_page":"776"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.4950999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10998","display_name":"Heat Transfer and Optimization","score":0.4950999915599823,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14098","display_name":"Energy Efficiency in Computing","score":0.24169999361038208,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10101","display_name":"Cloud Computing and Resource Management","score":0.2102999985218048,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-center-cooling","display_name":"data center cooling","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermal-management","display_name":"thermal management","score":0.7480000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-consumption","display_name":"energy consumption","score":0.5529999732971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/air-conditioning-energy-efficiency","display_name":"air conditioning energy efficiency","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heat-dissipation","display_name":"heat dissipation","score":0.7319999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooling-system-design","display_name":"cooling system design","score":0.34299999475479126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.5511384606361389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49781036376953125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204530211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752823","display_name":"Thermal","level":2,"score":0.47949153184890747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114834414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15477170","display_name":"Thermal management of electronic devices and systems","level":2,"score":0.4105806350708008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3435012996196747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.20826947689056396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.16733983159065247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1589326560497284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.14315035939216614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/itherm.2002.1012532","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210169055","display_name":"I-THERM :/I-THERM - Intersociety Conference on Thermal Phenomena in Electronic Systems","issn_l":"1087-9870","issn":["1087-9870","2577-0799"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"ITherm 2002. Eighth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.02CH37258)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8367000222206116,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"},{"score":0.5378999710083008,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"},{"score":0.5351999998092651,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":6,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W15816920","https://openalex.org/W1600753004","https://openalex.org/W1902384009","https://openalex.org/W1990325864","https://openalex.org/W2116575712","https://openalex.org/W6639714343"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3112232611","https://openalex.org/W2131154911","https://openalex.org/W4389914124","https://openalex.org/W2015148931","https://openalex.org/W2170426485","https://openalex.org/W4293162551","https://openalex.org/W3086452159","https://openalex.org/W1997690065","https://openalex.org/W7119132579","https://openalex.org/W2548020105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,67,97],"high":[1],"compute":[2],"density":[3],"data":[4,49,71,104,138,163],"center":[5,72,164],"of":[6,13,15,33,61,73,79,145,148,161,171,182,189],"today":[7],"is":[8],"characterized":[9],"as":[10],"one":[11],"consisting":[12],"thousands":[14],"racks":[16,149],"each":[17,28],"with":[18,51,106],"multiple":[19,26],"computing":[20,23,43,65,83],"units.":[21],"The":[22,35],"units":[24,44],"include":[25],"microprocessors,":[27],"dissipating":[29],"approximately":[30],"250":[31],"W":[32],"power.":[34],"heat":[36,90],"dissipation":[37],"from":[38],"a":[39,162,172],"rack":[40],"containing":[41],"such":[42],"exceeds":[45],"10":[46,59,109],"KW.":[47],"Today's":[48],"center,":[50,105],"1000":[52],"racks,":[53,111],"over":[54],"30,000":[55],"square":[56,69,100],"feet,":[57],"requires":[58],"MW":[60,78],"power":[62,80,123,132],"for":[63,81,136],"the":[64,82,124,133,137,169],"infrastructure.":[66,84],"100,000":[68],"foot":[70,101],"tomorrow":[74],"will":[75,91],"require":[76],"50":[77],"Energy":[85],"required":[86],"to":[87,122,131,185],"dissipate":[88],"this":[89],"be":[92],"an":[93,159],"additional":[94],"20":[95],"MW.":[96],"hundred":[98],"thousand":[99,108],"planetary":[102],"scale":[103],"five":[107],"KW":[110],"would":[112],"cost":[113],"/spl":[114],"sim/$44":[115],"million":[116,128],"per":[117,129],"year":[118,130],"(@":[119],"$100/MWh)":[120],"just":[121],"servers":[125],"&":[126],"$18":[127],"cooling":[134,165],"infrastructure":[135],"center.":[139],"Cooling":[140],"design":[141,166],"considerations":[142],"by":[143,180],"virtue":[144,181],"proper":[146],"layout":[147,176],"can":[150],"yield":[151],"substantial":[152],"savings":[153],"in":[154],"energy.":[155],"This":[156],"paper":[157],"shows":[158],"overview":[160],"and":[167],"presents":[168],"results":[170],"case":[173],"study":[174],"where":[175],"change":[177],"was":[178],"made":[179],"numerical":[183],"modeling":[184],"avail":[186],"efficient":[187],"use":[188],"air":[190],"conditioning":[191],"resources.":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":27}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
