{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139362863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","title":"The income inequality of France in historical perspective","display_name":"The income inequality of France in historical perspective","publication_year":2000,"publication_date":"2000-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139362863","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","mag":"2139362863"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1361491600000149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176820844","display_name":"European Review of Economic History","issn_l":"1361-4916","issn":["1361-4916","1474-0044"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Review of Economic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017610231","display_name":"Christian Morrisson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Morrisson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit\u00e9 de Paris I, 36 chemin Desvalli\u00e8res, 92410 Ville d'Avray, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit\u00e9 de Paris I, 36 chemin Desvalli\u00e8res, 92410 Ville d'Avray, France","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048103808","display_name":"Wayne W. Snyder","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W. Snyder","raw_affiliation_strings":[", rue des Chaudronniers, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France","5, rue des Chaudronniers, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":", rue des Chaudronniers, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"5, rue des Chaudronniers, 13100 Aix-en-Provence, France","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3953,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":4468},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4472,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":94,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93239942,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"4","issue":"1","first_page":"59","last_page":"83"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.9146000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10605","display_name":"Historical Economic and Social Studies","score":0.9146000146865845,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.08370000123977661,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11742","display_name":"Economic Theory and Policy","score":0.0010000000474974513,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-inequality","display_name":"income inequality","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.9039999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/france","display_name":"France","score":0.5740000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/18th-century","display_name":"18th century","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/19th-century","display_name":"19th century","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tax-information","display_name":"tax information","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-tables","display_name":"social tables","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kuznets-curve","display_name":"Kuznets curve","score":0.8870000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/industrialization","display_name":"industrialization","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/french-revolution","display_name":"French Revolution","score":0.9120000004768372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/historical-income-distribution","display_name":"historical income distribution","score":0.41600000858306885}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.7974300384521484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.6798356175422668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41866144","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202398","display_name":"Industrialisation","level":2,"score":0.6721997261047363},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513380476","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5055020","display_name":"Economic inequality","level":3,"score":0.6115036606788635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110121322","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q865811","display_name":"Distribution (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6058835387229919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C519300510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3915542","display_name":"Income distribution","level":3,"score":0.581748902797699},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33676613","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13415176","display_name":"Dimension (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.5231922268867493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5210608839988708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.4777218997478485},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132000672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6158427","display_name":"Income inequality metrics","level":4,"score":0.4513886272907257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4249254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3044431","display_name":"Demographic economics","level":1,"score":0.4167570173740387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47768531","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1127188","display_name":"Development economics","level":1,"score":0.3834476172924042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3344552516937256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.09100854396820068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s1361491600000149","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s1361491600000149","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S176820844","display_name":"European Review of Economic History","issn_l":"1361-4916","issn":["1361-4916","1474-0044"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-2","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"European Review of Economic History","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cup:ereveh:v:4:y:2000:i:01:p:59-83_00","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1361491600000149/type/journal_article","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7578999996185303,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"No poverty","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320310120","display_name":"National Telecommunication Regulatory Authority","ror":"https://ror.org/007mwgz28"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W568401169","https://openalex.org/W603884229","https://openalex.org/W654313708","https://openalex.org/W1491230284","https://openalex.org/W1548872322","https://openalex.org/W1682432744","https://openalex.org/W1694430842","https://openalex.org/W1715038780","https://openalex.org/W2001665985","https://openalex.org/W2004733635","https://openalex.org/W2020648276","https://openalex.org/W2020666451","https://openalex.org/W2030481602","https://openalex.org/W2050155302","https://openalex.org/W2050461380","https://openalex.org/W2054136725","https://openalex.org/W2061688854","https://openalex.org/W2066714340","https://openalex.org/W2108545734","https://openalex.org/W2116311807","https://openalex.org/W2258099236","https://openalex.org/W2326121539","https://openalex.org/W2970294657","https://openalex.org/W3015729314","https://openalex.org/W3023072833","https://openalex.org/W3081619247","https://openalex.org/W3125243719","https://openalex.org/W3148012965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1728391312","https://openalex.org/W3122988850","https://openalex.org/W2144348652","https://openalex.org/W4388068979","https://openalex.org/W7070940606","https://openalex.org/W2990293592","https://openalex.org/W1582647677","https://openalex.org/W2887443462","https://openalex.org/W2790457379","https://openalex.org/W1983339901"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"France":[0],"presents":[1],"an":[2,38,99],"unusual":[3],"case":[4],"because,":[5],"unlike":[6],"several":[7],"other":[8],"European":[9],"countries,":[10],"there":[11],"are":[12],"no":[13],"estimates":[14,64],"of":[15,41,55,73,92,101,105],"the":[16,20,33,42,47,53,70,74,93,102,120,128,149,162],"income":[17,94],"distribution":[18],"for":[19,87],"eighteenth":[21,75,121],"and":[22,50,69,76,107,133],"nineteenth":[23,77],"centuries.":[24,78],"This":[25],"is":[26],"a":[27,85,88],"serious":[28],"deficiency":[29],"because":[30],"it":[31,96,109,152],"limits":[32],"ability":[34],"to":[35],"understand":[36],"how":[37,108],"important":[39],"dimension":[40],"socio-economic":[43],"fabric":[44],"changed":[45],"during":[46,119,127],"years":[48],"preceding":[49],"coinciding":[51],"with":[52,136],"beginning":[54],"France's":[56],"industrial":[57],"development.":[58],"In":[59],"this":[60,80],"article":[61],"we":[62],"provide":[63,84],"that":[65,112,117,160],"use":[66],"tax":[67],"data":[68,81],"social":[71],"tables":[72],"While":[79],"does":[82,97],"not":[83],"basis":[86],"perfectly":[89],"accurate":[90],"assessment":[91],"distribution,":[95],"permit":[98],"evaluation":[100],"general":[103],"magnitude":[104],"inequality":[106,118,144],"varied":[110],"in":[111,134,148],"period.":[113],"The":[114],"results":[115],"suggest":[116],"century":[122],"was":[123],"large":[124],"but":[125],"decreased":[126],"revolutionary":[129],"period":[130],"(1790\u20131815).":[131],"Afterwards,":[132],"accordance":[135],"Kuznets'":[137],"hypothesis,":[138],"when":[139,151],"industrialisation":[140],"began":[141,153],"about":[142],"1830,":[143],"increased":[145],"until":[146],"sometime":[147],"1860s":[150],"its":[154],"slow":[155],"decline":[156],"towards":[157],"greater":[158],"equality":[159],"characterises":[161],"twentieth":[163],"century.":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":34},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-12T09:40:04.860316","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
