{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139332481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","title":"Risk of Autism and Increasing Maternal and Paternal Age in a Large North American Population","display_name":"Risk of Autism and Increasing Maternal and Paternal Age in a Large North American Population","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139332481","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","mag":"2139332481","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwp247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"parent_works":[],"lineage":["https://openalex.org/W2139332481"],"child_works_count":0,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066307621","display_name":"Judith K. Grether","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336788258","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291847170","https://openalex.org/I1336788258","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. K. Grether","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA. judith.grether@cdph.ca.gov","Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA. judith.grether@cdph.ca.gov","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California 94804, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109952304","display_name":"M. C. Anderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336788258","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291847170","https://openalex.org/I1336788258","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. C. Anderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035977108","display_name":"Lisa Croen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-9428","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7849-9428"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336788258","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291847170","https://openalex.org/I1336788258","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. A. Croen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053035402","display_name":"Daniel J. Sm\u0131th","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-1951","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2267-1951"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336788258","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291847170","https://openalex.org/I1336788258","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059338084","display_name":"Gayle C. Windham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-8343","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3882-8343"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1336788258","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156","country_code":"US","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1291847170","https://openalex.org/I1336788258","https://openalex.org/I4389425283"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. C. Windham","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, 850 Marina Bay Parkway, P-3, Richmond, CA 94804","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1336788258"],"apc_list":{"value":4856,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4856},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4041,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":199,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97314205,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"170","issue":"9","first_page":"1118","last_page":"1126"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10106","display_name":"Autism Spectrum Disorder Research","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11632","display_name":"Family and Disability Support Research","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11772","display_name":"Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-spectrum-disorder","display_name":"autism spectrum disorder","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maternal-age","display_name":"maternal age","score":0.9380000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/paternal-age","display_name":"paternal age","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/advanced-parental-age","display_name":"advanced parental age","score":0.8949999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autism-risk","display_name":"autism risk","score":0.8360000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/birth-cohort","display_name":"birth cohort","score":0.6840000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/firstborn-children","display_name":"firstborn children","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.5839999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/california","display_name":"California","score":0.6830000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205778803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38404","display_name":"Autism","level":2,"score":0.7733240127563477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020279770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7144548","display_name":"Paternal age","level":4,"score":0.5507503747940063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5125179290771484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.5050294995307922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.48687544465065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.37283027172088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.30888262391090393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.28958848118782043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17443031072616577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112672928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q239526","display_name":"Offspring","level":3,"score":0.16239610314369202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.13226953148841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.10550114512443542}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001321","descriptor_name":"Autistic Disorder","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001724","descriptor_name":"Birth Weight","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002140","descriptor_name":"California","qualifier_ui":"Q000453","qualifier_name":"epidemiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003710","descriptor_name":"Demography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005865","descriptor_name":"Gestational Age","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008423","descriptor_name":"Maternal Age","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010298","descriptor_name":"Parity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010331","descriptor_name":"Paternal Age","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012307","descriptor_name":"Risk Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015999","descriptor_name":"Multivariate Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/aje/kwp247","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp247","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S170967050","display_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","issn_l":"0002-9262","issn":["0002-9262","1476-6256"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Journal of Epidemiology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:19783586","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19783586","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American journal of epidemiology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1727884638","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U10/CCU920392","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332505","funder_display_name":"U.S. Public Health Service"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308203","display_name":"California Department of Public Health","ror":"https://ror.org/011cc8156"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308849","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332505","display_name":"U.S. Public Health Service","ror":"https://ror.org/05xf94514"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494680225","https://openalex.org/W1581467677","https://openalex.org/W1608135333","https://openalex.org/W1627088906","https://openalex.org/W1967788984","https://openalex.org/W1971084700","https://openalex.org/W1971321176","https://openalex.org/W1980309199","https://openalex.org/W1985536658","https://openalex.org/W1993541380","https://openalex.org/W1993975705","https://openalex.org/W1996775345","https://openalex.org/W2000635536","https://openalex.org/W2011438864","https://openalex.org/W2012072124","https://openalex.org/W2015240436","https://openalex.org/W2018786179","https://openalex.org/W2021949850","https://openalex.org/W2025600921","https://openalex.org/W2034529431","https://openalex.org/W2036964818","https://openalex.org/W2043070995","https://openalex.org/W2050437768","https://openalex.org/W2050947021","https://openalex.org/W2054460368","https://openalex.org/W2056354384","https://openalex.org/W2071090844","https://openalex.org/W2096278403","https://openalex.org/W2096468731","https://openalex.org/W2103627440","https://openalex.org/W2107145043","https://openalex.org/W2108450591","https://openalex.org/W2112143532","https://openalex.org/W2115243563","https://openalex.org/W2117154339","https://openalex.org/W2122345676","https://openalex.org/W2124978752","https://openalex.org/W2126140118","https://openalex.org/W2129852804","https://openalex.org/W2137324844","https://openalex.org/W2137330216","https://openalex.org/W2137831393","https://openalex.org/W2140462713","https://openalex.org/W2140996251","https://openalex.org/W2154914801","https://openalex.org/W2155136674","https://openalex.org/W2158949972","https://openalex.org/W2160990611","https://openalex.org/W2404959895"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2083547139","https://openalex.org/W2112143532","https://openalex.org/W2160990611","https://openalex.org/W1713509593","https://openalex.org/W2094236670","https://openalex.org/W2153064836","https://openalex.org/W2187600825","https://openalex.org/W7008131004","https://openalex.org/W2122345676","https://openalex.org/W2035033491"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Previous":[0],"studies":[1,188],"are":[2,7,23,189],"inconsistent":[3],"regarding":[4],"whether":[5],"there":[6],"independent":[8,200],"effects":[9,165],"of":[10,18,56,64,90,105,178,202],"maternal":[11,26,95,116,207],"and":[12,27,59,71,80,96,109,139,162,173,176,208],"paternal":[13,28,97,144,163,209],"age":[14,29,104,117,145,164],"on":[15],"the":[16,53,62,65,88,106,125,194,199],"risk":[17,89,204],"autism.":[19],"Different":[20],"biologic":[21,195],"mechanisms":[22,196],"suggested":[24],"by":[25,171],"effects.":[30],"The":[31],"study":[32,66],"population":[33],"included":[34,103],"all":[35],"California":[36,54],"singletons":[37],"born":[38],"in":[39,115,124,143,168,198],"1989-2002":[40],"(n":[41,47],"=":[42,48,132,154],"7,550,026).":[43],"Children":[44],"with":[45,61,68,93,120,148,184,205],"autism":[46,91,129,203],"23,311)":[49],"were":[50,84,166,177],"identified":[51],"through":[52],"Department":[55],"Developmental":[57],"Services":[58],"compared":[60,183],"remainder":[63],"population,":[67],"parental":[69],"ages":[70],"covariates":[72,175],"obtained":[73],"from":[74],"birth":[75],"certificates.":[76],"Adjusted":[77],"odds":[78,126],"ratios":[79],"95%":[81,134,156],"confidence":[82,135,157],"intervals":[83],"used":[85],"to":[86,191],"evaluate":[87],"associated":[92,119,147],"increasing":[94,206],"age.":[98,210],"In":[99],"adjusted":[100],"models":[101],"that":[102],"other":[107,174],"parent":[108],"demographic":[110],"covariates,":[111],"a":[112,121,140,149],"10-year":[113,141],"increase":[114,123,142,151],"was":[118,146],"38%":[122],"ratio":[127,131,153],"for":[128],"(odds":[130,152],"1.38,":[133],"interval:":[136,158],"1.32,":[137],"1.44),":[138],"22%":[150],"1.22,":[155],"1.18,":[159],"1.26).":[160],"Maternal":[161],"seen":[167],"subgroups":[169],"defined":[170],"race/ethnicity":[172],"greater":[179],"magnitude":[180],"among":[181],"first-born":[182],"later-born":[185],"children.":[186],"Further":[187],"needed":[190],"help":[192],"clarify":[193],"involved":[197],"association":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":24}],"updated_date":"2026-11-15T12:55:33.944570","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
