{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139309087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","title":"Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging","display_name":"Cognitive reserve and the neurobiology of cognitive aging","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-10-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139309087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","mag":"2139309087","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15541707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117312820","display_name":"Ageing Research Reviews","issn_l":"1568-1637","issn":["1568-1637","1872-9649"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ageing Research Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111410318","display_name":"Lawrence J. Whalley","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800537319","display_name":"Royal Cornhill Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02gaqn537","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800537319","https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence J. Whalley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK. l.j.whalley@abdn.ac.uk","Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK. l.j.whalley@abdn.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627","https://openalex.org/I2800537319"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627","https://openalex.org/I2800537319"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049892384","display_name":"Ian J. Deary","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-263X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1733-263X","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7607-8670"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ian J. Deary","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9QT, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 7 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9QT, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Charlotte L. Appleton","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I195460627","display_name":"University of Aberdeen","ror":"https://ror.org/016476m91","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I195460627"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800537319","display_name":"Royal Cornhill Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/02gaqn537","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800537319","https://openalex.org/I4210093322"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Charlotte L. Appleton","raw_affiliation_strings":["Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinical Research Centre, School of Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Royal Cornhill Hospital, Cornhill Road, Aberdeen AB25 2ZH, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627","https://openalex.org/I2800537319"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078185083","display_name":"John M. Starr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3059-7579","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3059-7579"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John M. Starr","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria Hospital, 13 Craigleith Road, Edinburgh EH4 2DN, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Royal Victoria Hospital, 13 Craigleith Road, Edinburgh EH4 2DN, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111410318"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I195460627","https://openalex.org/I2800537319"],"apc_list":{"value":5520,"currency":"USD","value_usd":5520},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0988,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":497,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.72786885,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"4","first_page":"369","last_page":"382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10009","display_name":"Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11265","display_name":"Aging and Gerontology Research","score":0.0034000000450760126,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11577","display_name":"Cognitive Abilities and Testing","score":0.001500000013038516,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-reserve","display_name":"cognitive reserve","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-aging","display_name":"cognitive aging","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurodegeneration","display_name":"neurodegeneration","score":0.6809999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/alzheimer-s-disease","display_name":"Alzheimer's disease","score":0.8420000076293945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dementia","display_name":"dementia","score":0.7680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intelligence","display_name":"intelligence","score":0.5569999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/occupational-level","display_name":"occupational level","score":0.878000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxidative-stress","display_name":"oxidative stress","score":0.8159999847412109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroinflammation","display_name":"neuroinflammation","score":0.9700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroplasticity","display_name":"neuroplasticity","score":0.9789999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroimaging","display_name":"neuroimaging","score":0.6859999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences","display_name":"individual differences","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lifestyle-factors","display_name":"lifestyle factors","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuropathology","display_name":"neuropathology","score":0.5479999780654907}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67739388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q579471","display_name":"Cognitive reserve","level":4,"score":0.9165661334991455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.7723313570022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779483572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Dementia","level":3,"score":0.667634129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.619621217250824},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984863031","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83030","display_name":"Cognitive decline","level":4,"score":0.5738850235939026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993665655","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Brain aging","level":3,"score":0.5652092099189758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986811735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Cognitive aging","level":3,"score":0.5224515199661255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5198255181312561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779695026","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4692577","display_name":"Aging brain","level":3,"score":0.45545142889022827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47611674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q849491","display_name":"Neuroplasticity","level":2,"score":0.4144588112831116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.3649996817111969},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.33502697944641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.267366886138916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984915365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5141203","display_name":"Cognitive impairment","level":3,"score":0.13244834542274475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08685222268104553}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000375","descriptor_name":"Aging","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003071","descriptor_name":"Cognition","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003072","descriptor_name":"Cognition Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009473","descriptor_name":"Neuronal Plasticity","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arr.2004.05.001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S117312820","display_name":"Ageing Research Reviews","issn_l":"1568-1637","issn":["1568-1637","1872-9649"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ageing Research Reviews","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:15541707","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15541707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Ageing research reviews","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.453.4432","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.453.4432","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.psicologia1.uniroma1.it/repository/337/Article_Cognitive_Reserve.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8048999905586243,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":87,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W57510132","https://openalex.org/W605783486","https://openalex.org/W1628001984","https://openalex.org/W1870043354","https://openalex.org/W1964043505","https://openalex.org/W1965140983","https://openalex.org/W1968961315","https://openalex.org/W1970942691","https://openalex.org/W1979755700","https://openalex.org/W1980858895","https://openalex.org/W1995785495","https://openalex.org/W1997018685","https://openalex.org/W2002123847","https://openalex.org/W2004349651","https://openalex.org/W2006058645","https://openalex.org/W2006421113","https://openalex.org/W2006972689","https://openalex.org/W2009558677","https://openalex.org/W2009882167","https://openalex.org/W2016158653","https://openalex.org/W2016293448","https://openalex.org/W2025915778","https://openalex.org/W2027086504","https://openalex.org/W2028050242","https://openalex.org/W2036129970","https://openalex.org/W2037477464","https://openalex.org/W2039752037","https://openalex.org/W2044106385","https://openalex.org/W2046687580","https://openalex.org/W2047542833","https://openalex.org/W2052990008","https://openalex.org/W2055396308","https://openalex.org/W2059668400","https://openalex.org/W2060112651","https://openalex.org/W2061216396","https://openalex.org/W2062322562","https://openalex.org/W2062678263","https://openalex.org/W2063951693","https://openalex.org/W2065483608","https://openalex.org/W2065592408","https://openalex.org/W2066884664","https://openalex.org/W2072078445","https://openalex.org/W2072753569","https://openalex.org/W2076649220","https://openalex.org/W2083283628","https://openalex.org/W2084652820","https://openalex.org/W2084997223","https://openalex.org/W2086355707","https://openalex.org/W2086485574","https://openalex.org/W2092679517","https://openalex.org/W2092799910","https://openalex.org/W2102121371","https://openalex.org/W2103993711","https://openalex.org/W2104855192","https://openalex.org/W2109845730","https://openalex.org/W2111121844","https://openalex.org/W2115077024","https://openalex.org/W2116257919","https://openalex.org/W2122732102","https://openalex.org/W2123338418","https://openalex.org/W2126950194","https://openalex.org/W2130413041","https://openalex.org/W2130945157","https://openalex.org/W2131408584","https://openalex.org/W2131633378","https://openalex.org/W2134717514","https://openalex.org/W2141197239","https://openalex.org/W2142943574","https://openalex.org/W2143731392","https://openalex.org/W2145851982","https://openalex.org/W2146437238","https://openalex.org/W2149954869","https://openalex.org/W2150191386","https://openalex.org/W2156152760","https://openalex.org/W2156311276","https://openalex.org/W2160266567","https://openalex.org/W2162407586","https://openalex.org/W2168334242","https://openalex.org/W2209078744","https://openalex.org/W2258879186","https://openalex.org/W2327214893","https://openalex.org/W2575359420","https://openalex.org/W2604202459","https://openalex.org/W4241388204","https://openalex.org/W4249221250","https://openalex.org/W4253646816","https://openalex.org/W4302084454"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7099410496","https://openalex.org/W4242291901","https://openalex.org/W2909346216","https://openalex.org/W2346084410","https://openalex.org/W2180639949","https://openalex.org/W2968410215","https://openalex.org/W4404332786","https://openalex.org/W2935069875","https://openalex.org/W2157174978","https://openalex.org/W7156793505"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":45},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":31},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":28},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":23}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}