{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139139595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","title":"Testing and Social Stratification in American Education","display_name":"Testing and Social Stratification in American Education","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-04-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139139595","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","mag":"2139139595"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61274580","display_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","issn_l":"0360-0572","issn":["0360-0572","1545-2115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008464026","display_name":"Eric Grodsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0803","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2178-0803"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric Grodsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030346835","display_name":"John Robert Warren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5122","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6079-5122"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130238516","display_name":"University of Minnesota","ror":"https://ror.org/017zqws13","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Robert Warren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130238516"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048572438","display_name":"Erika Felts","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Erika Felts","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis, California 95616;,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5031,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":131,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85111663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"385","last_page":"404"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12088","display_name":"Intergenerational and Educational Inequality Studies","score":0.4413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.2750999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11384","display_name":"Critical Race Theory in Education","score":0.125,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-testing","display_name":"standardized testing","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-stratification","display_name":"social stratification","score":0.9269999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-inequality","display_name":"educational inequality","score":0.9480000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-and-ethnicity","display_name":"race and ethnicity","score":0.8759999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gender-differences","display_name":"gender differences","score":0.5009999871253967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-background","display_name":"social background","score":0.6499999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-ability","display_name":"cognitive ability","score":0.875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/opportunity-to-learn","display_name":"opportunity to learn","score":0.9490000009536743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-accountability","display_name":"educational accountability","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gatekeeping","display_name":"gatekeeping","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/measurement-challenges","display_name":"measurement challenges","score":0.31200000643730164}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.8412081599235535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48158472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841628","display_name":"Social stratification","level":2,"score":0.7505861520767212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73380752","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q609087","display_name":"Gatekeeping","level":2,"score":0.6007513999938965},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776007630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2798912","display_name":"Accountability","level":2,"score":0.46286141872406006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992052996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27318","display_name":"Educational testing","level":3,"score":0.4569126069545746},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4432852864265442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192943249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1893382","display_name":"Stratification (seeds)","level":5,"score":0.43551746010780334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.43330854177474976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137403100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710","display_name":"Ethnic group","level":2,"score":0.4313509464263916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37885400652885437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3725261688232422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3138905167579651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3019038438796997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.20792877674102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.17514640092849731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1404469609260559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2397491","display_name":"Seed dormancy","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3527866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162267","display_name":"Dormancy","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100701293","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193838","display_name":"Germination","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134711","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S61274580","display_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","issn_l":"0360-0572","issn":["0360-0572","1545-2115"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-a-star","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","fnege-2","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Sociology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9629999995231628,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"},{"score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":85,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W79560207","https://openalex.org/W113641292","https://openalex.org/W126157395","https://openalex.org/W127289310","https://openalex.org/W162237867","https://openalex.org/W192574319","https://openalex.org/W210788840","https://openalex.org/W233723568","https://openalex.org/W254431901","https://openalex.org/W569063434","https://openalex.org/W593258474","https://openalex.org/W594996548","https://openalex.org/W1200929976","https://openalex.org/W1480666269","https://openalex.org/W1481813919","https://openalex.org/W1517094287","https://openalex.org/W1551427353","https://openalex.org/W1571134573","https://openalex.org/W1715366547","https://openalex.org/W1823973305","https://openalex.org/W1833282361","https://openalex.org/W1964218847","https://openalex.org/W1968224545","https://openalex.org/W1976685844","https://openalex.org/W1976833585","https://openalex.org/W2009766421","https://openalex.org/W2011410928","https://openalex.org/W2021551171","https://openalex.org/W2024715838","https://openalex.org/W2040725884","https://openalex.org/W2047087529","https://openalex.org/W2049812561","https://openalex.org/W2052263103","https://openalex.org/W2053572536","https://openalex.org/W2061732127","https://openalex.org/W2065797009","https://openalex.org/W2073024639","https://openalex.org/W2075416441","https://openalex.org/W2078107944","https://openalex.org/W2079132362","https://openalex.org/W2079872858","https://openalex.org/W2088157415","https://openalex.org/W2089053985","https://openalex.org/W2108478320","https://openalex.org/W2119738974","https://openalex.org/W2124250037","https://openalex.org/W2127416157","https://openalex.org/W2130850661","https://openalex.org/W2133143550","https://openalex.org/W2133487567","https://openalex.org/W2133872910","https://openalex.org/W2145675017","https://openalex.org/W2147611572","https://openalex.org/W2150323054","https://openalex.org/W2155900830","https://openalex.org/W2162140083","https://openalex.org/W2163929238","https://openalex.org/W2168697871","https://openalex.org/W2170104643","https://openalex.org/W2239844539","https://openalex.org/W2322650957","https://openalex.org/W2331409429","https://openalex.org/W2485012262","https://openalex.org/W2500850718","https://openalex.org/W2503164776","https://openalex.org/W2571512673","https://openalex.org/W2798038801","https://openalex.org/W2884754595","https://openalex.org/W2890882126","https://openalex.org/W3021983229","https://openalex.org/W4206701531","https://openalex.org/W4206911298","https://openalex.org/W4210343561","https://openalex.org/W4211086783","https://openalex.org/W4212855299","https://openalex.org/W4213145896","https://openalex.org/W4234560366","https://openalex.org/W4240310297","https://openalex.org/W4242245208","https://openalex.org/W4251622923","https://openalex.org/W4255324722","https://openalex.org/W4298408349","https://openalex.org/W4300539227","https://openalex.org/W4300555747","https://openalex.org/W4300840881"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2155900830","https://openalex.org/W4251558748","https://openalex.org/W419726280","https://openalex.org/W2954264869","https://openalex.org/W7166556459","https://openalex.org/W4280546433","https://openalex.org/W4235536845","https://openalex.org/W2468396970","https://openalex.org/W1570519838","https://openalex.org/W7006404842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,16,33,65,99],"focus":[1],"on":[2,103],"how":[3],"standardized":[4,50,59,82,91],"testing":[5,83,92,111],"in":[6,21,62,78,112],"American":[7,63],"education":[8],"has":[9],"reflected,":[10],"reproduced,":[11],"and":[12,29,39,73,84,88,97,107],"transformed":[13],"social":[14,27,71,113],"inequalities.":[15],"begin":[17],"by":[18,25,101],"describing":[19],"inequalities":[20],"test":[22],"score":[23],"distributions":[24],"race/ethnicity,":[26],"origins,":[28],"gender":[30],"over":[31],"time.":[32],"then":[34,66],"define":[35],"learning,":[36],"cognitive":[37],"ability,":[38],"opportunity":[40],"to":[41],"learn,":[42],"each":[43],"of":[44,49,58,81,90,110],"which":[45],"influences":[46],"the":[47,68,79,85,104],"results":[48],"tests.":[51],"Next,":[52],"we":[53],"offer":[54],"a":[55],"brief":[56],"history":[57],"testing's":[60],"role":[61,109],"education.":[64],"discuss":[67],"relationship":[69],"between":[70],"stratification":[72],"measurement":[74],"issues":[75],"that":[76],"arise":[77],"context":[80],"contemporary":[86],"uses":[87],"misuses":[89],"for":[93],"diagnostic":[94],"purposes,":[95],"accountability,":[96],"gatekeeping.":[98],"conclude":[100],"reflecting":[102],"past,":[105],"present,":[106],"future":[108],"stratification.":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
