{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139137304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","title":"Towards fully autonomous driving: Systems and algorithms","display_name":"Towards fully autonomous driving: Systems and algorithms","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139137304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","mag":"2139137304"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198592","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","issn_l":"1931-0587","issn":["1931-0587","2642-7214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038226761","display_name":"Jesse Levinson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jesse Levinson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033221339","display_name":"Jake Askeland","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8659980","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/034e5n787","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jake Askeland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen Electronics Res., Lab. Palo Alto, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen Electronics Res., Lab. Palo Alto, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103917535","display_name":"Jan Becker","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Becker","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Bosch LLC, USA","[Robert Bosch LLC, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch LLC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Robert Bosch LLC, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067886187","display_name":"Jennifer Dolson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jennifer Dolson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5133597454","display_name":"David Held","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-1508","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0537-1508"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Held","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054916364","display_name":"Soeren Kammel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-3096","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0779-3096"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soeren Kammel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bosch RTC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bosch RTC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075035644","display_name":"J. Zico Kolter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-5759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8106-5759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Zico Kolter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., USA","Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Inst. of Tech., USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute Of Technology, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112810225","display_name":"Dirk Langer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8659980","display_name":"Volkswagen Group (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/034e5n787","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1319473763","https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dirk Langer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Volkswagen of America, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Volkswagen of America, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8659980"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069387825","display_name":"Oliver Pink","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120115","display_name":"Robert Bosch (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/02venad53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115","https://openalex.org/I889804353"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Oliver Pink","raw_affiliation_strings":["Robert Bosch GmbH, USA","Robert Bosch GmbH (USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Robert Bosch GmbH (USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120115"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109845004","display_name":"Vaughan Pratt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vaughan Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071797764","display_name":"Michael H. Sokolsky","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Sokolsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048720041","display_name":"Ganymed Stanek","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ganymed Stanek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086772803","display_name":"David Stavens","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Stavens","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074635782","display_name":"Alex Teichman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alex Teichman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Towards Fully Autonomous Driving: Systems and Algorithms, USA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027250190","display_name":"Moritz Werling","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283382300","display_name":"BMW (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/05vs9tj88","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300","https://openalex.org/I4210156768"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Moritz Werling","raw_affiliation_strings":["BMW Group Forschung und Tech. GmbH, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"BMW Group Forschung und Tech. GmbH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283382300"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066710774","display_name":"Sebastian Thrun","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sebastian Thrun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford Univ. & Google Inc, USA","[Stanford Univ. & Google Inc, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford Univ. & Google Inc, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Stanford Univ. & Google Inc, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":40.27,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1373,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":1.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"163","last_page":"168"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11099","display_name":"Autonomous Vehicle Technology and Safety","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10191","display_name":"Robotics and Sensor-Based Localization","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autonomous-driving","display_name":"autonomous driving","score":0.8790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-driving","display_name":"urban driving","score":0.609000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/darpa-urban-challenge","display_name":"DARPA Urban Challenge","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lidar-calibration","display_name":"lidar calibration","score":0.8259999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-calibration","display_name":"unsupervised calibration","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-localization","display_name":"online localization","score":0.7710000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstacle-recognition","display_name":"obstacle recognition","score":0.47099998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-light-detection","display_name":"traffic light detection","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trajectory-planning","display_name":"trajectory planning","score":0.8080000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicle-control","display_name":"vehicle control","score":0.7239999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"sensor fusion","score":0.4410000145435333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7201226949691772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72971556","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q961356","display_name":"Throttle","level":2,"score":0.5782997608184814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.5621886849403381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.5054454803466797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.46800532937049866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60229501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18822","display_name":"Global Positioning System","level":2,"score":0.46573391556739807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51399673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q504027","display_name":"Lidar","level":2,"score":0.45446884632110596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13662910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193139","display_name":"Trajectory","level":2,"score":0.43566447496414185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4266495704650879},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.34867632389068604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3467821478843689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.24971354007720947},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1617116928100586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.11160480976104736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ivs.2011.5940562","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210198592","display_name":"IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium","issn_l":"1931-0587","issn":["1931-0587","2642-7214"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2011 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.761900007724762,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4943999946117401,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W177930832","https://openalex.org/W179122090","https://openalex.org/W1495343868","https://openalex.org/W1522531528","https://openalex.org/W1896525902","https://openalex.org/W1994963572","https://openalex.org/W2021063678","https://openalex.org/W2055207897","https://openalex.org/W2067191022","https://openalex.org/W2070946303","https://openalex.org/W2107338474","https://openalex.org/W2121806728","https://openalex.org/W2146511219","https://openalex.org/W2154458843","https://openalex.org/W2161969291","https://openalex.org/W2170841223","https://openalex.org/W2394607849","https://openalex.org/W2406067508","https://openalex.org/W3217070125","https://openalex.org/W3217549584","https://openalex.org/W4251766996","https://openalex.org/W4293682399","https://openalex.org/W4299825255"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4319317934","https://openalex.org/W2901265155","https://openalex.org/W2956374172","https://openalex.org/W4319837668","https://openalex.org/W4308071650","https://openalex.org/W3188333020","https://openalex.org/W2136030369","https://openalex.org/W1964041166","https://openalex.org/W4210818033","https://openalex.org/W4221065211"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,27,88],"order":[1],"to":[2,128,158,182],"achieve":[3],"autonomous":[4,107,240],"operation":[5,108,241],"of":[6,49,79,95,102,116,137,185,213,237,239,245],"a":[7,29,62,93,114,243],"vehicle":[8,31],"in":[9,53,72,84,109,217,242],"urban":[10],"situations":[11,81],"with":[12,33,125,147],"unpredictable":[13],"traffic,":[14],"several":[15],"realtime":[16],"systems":[17,229],"must":[18],"interoperate,":[19],"including":[20],"environment":[21,139],"perception,":[22],"localization,":[23],"planning,":[24],"and":[25,39,68,105,152,160,166,202,208,221],"control.":[26],"addition,":[28],"robust":[30,106],"platform":[32],"appropriate":[34],"sensors,":[35],"computational":[36],"hardware,":[37],"networking,":[38],"software":[40],"infrastructure":[41],"is":[42],"essential.":[43],"We":[44,132],"previously":[45],"published":[46],"an":[47],"overview":[48],"Junior,":[50],"Stanford's":[51],"entry":[52],"the":[54,73,80,85,100,138,191,223],"2007":[55],"DARPA":[56],"Urban":[57],"Challenge.":[58],"This":[59],"race":[60],"was":[61,75],"closed-course":[63],"competition":[64],"which,":[65],"while":[66],"historic":[67],"inciting":[69],"much":[70],"progress":[71],"field,":[74],"not":[76],"fully":[77],"representative":[78],"that":[82,205],"exist":[83],"real":[86],"world.":[87],"this":[89,179],"paper,":[90],"we":[91],"present":[92],"summary":[94],"our":[96,121],"recent":[97],"research":[98],"towards":[99],"goal":[101],"enabling":[103],"safe":[104],"more":[110],"realistic":[111],"situations.":[112],"First,":[113],"trio":[115],"unsupervised":[117],"algorithms":[118,154,215],"automatically":[119],"calibrates":[120],"64-beam":[122],"rotating":[123],"LIDAR":[124],"accuracy":[126],"superior":[127],"tedious":[129],"hand":[130],"measurements.":[131],"then":[133],"generate":[134,183],"high-resolution":[135],"maps":[136],"which":[140],"are":[141,170],"subsequently":[142],"used":[143],"for":[144],"online":[145],"localization":[146],"centimeter":[148],"accuracy.":[149],"Improved":[150],"perception":[151],"recognition":[153],"now":[155],"enable":[156],"Junior":[157,232],"track":[159],"classify":[161],"obstacles":[162],"as":[163,172],"cyclists,":[164],"pedestrians,":[165],"vehicles;":[167],"traffic":[168],"lights":[169],"detected":[171],"well.":[173],"A":[174],"new":[175],"planning":[176],"system":[177],"uses":[178],"incoming":[180],"data":[181],"thousands":[184],"candidate":[186],"trajectories":[187],"per":[188],"second,":[189],"choosing":[190],"optimal":[192],"path":[193],"dynamically.":[194],"The":[195],"improved":[196],"controller":[197],"continuously":[198],"selects":[199],"throttle,":[200],"brake,":[201],"steering":[203],"actuations":[204],"maximize":[206],"comfort":[207],"minimize":[209],"trajectory":[210],"error.":[211],"All":[212],"these":[214,228],"work":[216],"sun":[218],"or":[219,225],"rain":[220],"during":[222],"day":[224],"night.":[226],"With":[227],"operating":[230],"together,":[231],"has":[233],"successfully":[234],"logged":[235],"hundreds":[236],"miles":[238],"variety":[244],"real-life":[246],"conditions.":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":89},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":116},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":131},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":153},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":154},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":127},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":148},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":127},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":85},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":63},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":65},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":37},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":18}],"updated_date":"2026-10-18T09:31:52.927876","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
