{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139125352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","title":"Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy","display_name":"Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microscopy","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139125352","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","mag":"2139125352","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17910784"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1366/000370207781746044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67069294","display_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","issn_l":"0003-7028","issn":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2642972","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086153927","display_name":"Ji\u2010Xin Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5607-6683","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5607-6683","https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2048-6207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I219193219","display_name":"Purdue University West Lafayette","ror":"https://ror.org/02dqehb95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ji-Xin Cheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907","Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette, Indiana 47907","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5086153927"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I219193219"],"apc_list":{"value":4400,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4400},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":10.4371,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":143,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98973637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"61","issue":"9","first_page":"197A","last_page":"208A"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11324","display_name":"Spectroscopy Techniques in Biomedical and Chemical Research","score":0.9883000254631042,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10540","display_name":"Advanced Fluorescence Microscopy Techniques","score":0.009600000455975533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1304","display_name":"Biophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10566","display_name":"Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-anti-stokes-raman-scattering","display_name":"coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering","score":0.9200000166893005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cars-microscopy","display_name":"CARS microscopy","score":0.9430000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-optical-microscopy","display_name":"nonlinear optical microscopy","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherent-raman-spectroscopy","display_name":"coherent Raman spectroscopy","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-order-nonlinear-susceptibility","display_name":"third-order nonlinear susceptibility","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiphoton-excitation","display_name":"multiphoton excitation","score":0.6269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/two-photon-fluorescence","display_name":"two-photon fluorescence","score":0.6610000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/third-harmonic-generation","display_name":"third harmonic generation","score":0.6370000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/second-harmonic-generation","display_name":"second harmonic generation","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioimaging","display_name":"bioimaging","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-nonlinear-optics","display_name":"history of nonlinear optics","score":0.5289999842643738}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147080431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074953","display_name":"Microscopy","level":2,"score":0.7873446345329285},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.6525043845176697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169573571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466824","display_name":"Raman scattering","level":3,"score":0.60443514585495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30713254","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455635","display_name":"Second-harmonic generation","level":3,"score":0.5732036828994751},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167735695","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1777507","display_name":"Femtosecond","level":3,"score":0.5522168874740601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47785574","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373859","display_name":"Two-photon excitation microscopy","level":3,"score":0.47353455424308777},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78854221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q756033","display_name":"Nonlinear optics","level":3,"score":0.4675067365169525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64672749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1623464","display_name":"High harmonic generation","level":3,"score":0.4637696146965027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67649825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196538","display_name":"Microscope","level":2,"score":0.45557940006256104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.43286412954330444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.41840216517448425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40003534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q862228","display_name":"Raman spectroscopy","level":2,"score":0.41445836424827576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205309187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903528","display_name":"Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy","level":4,"score":0.4140078127384186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91881484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191807","display_name":"Fluorescence","level":2,"score":0.24102729558944702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.23378989100456238}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007089","descriptor_name":"Image Enhancement","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013059","descriptor_name":"Spectrum Analysis, Raman","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018613","descriptor_name":"Microscopy, Confocal","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":"Q000639","qualifier_name":"trends","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1366/000370207781746044","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1366/000370207781746044","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S67069294","display_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","issn_l":"0003-7028","issn":["0003-7028","1943-3530"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Spectroscopy","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:17910784","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17910784","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied spectroscopy","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2642972","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2642972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Spectrosc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:2642972","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/2642972","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Appl Spectrosc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2170831733","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 EB004966","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3325151875","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 HL 078715","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G64318696","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EB007243","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337363","display_name":"National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering","ror":"https://ror.org/00372qc85"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W158162095","https://openalex.org/W1564993719","https://openalex.org/W1617093779","https://openalex.org/W1964607854","https://openalex.org/W1965229287","https://openalex.org/W1966744895","https://openalex.org/W1970342530","https://openalex.org/W1971932082","https://openalex.org/W1975749437","https://openalex.org/W1976558482","https://openalex.org/W1976727241","https://openalex.org/W1977142336","https://openalex.org/W1979968811","https://openalex.org/W1982250038","https://openalex.org/W1982606807","https://openalex.org/W1986366380","https://openalex.org/W1989479255","https://openalex.org/W1994364077","https://openalex.org/W1995898510","https://openalex.org/W1996580214","https://openalex.org/W1997338987","https://openalex.org/W1999069950","https://openalex.org/W2001010074","https://openalex.org/W2005955060","https://openalex.org/W2008111093","https://openalex.org/W2010265421","https://openalex.org/W2011265333","https://openalex.org/W2015882515","https://openalex.org/W2016752876","https://openalex.org/W2018711043","https://openalex.org/W2020170071","https://openalex.org/W2024024455","https://openalex.org/W2025938654","https://openalex.org/W2026899815","https://openalex.org/W2030463173","https://openalex.org/W2036557878","https://openalex.org/W2038623844","https://openalex.org/W2038703722","https://openalex.org/W2040976850","https://openalex.org/W2046682115","https://openalex.org/W2047399277","https://openalex.org/W2051494081","https://openalex.org/W2051699915","https://openalex.org/W2055463011","https://openalex.org/W2058687177","https://openalex.org/W2059061837","https://openalex.org/W2060654966","https://openalex.org/W2061464631","https://openalex.org/W2068797016","https://openalex.org/W2069969616","https://openalex.org/W2071070545","https://openalex.org/W2074823645","https://openalex.org/W2077572701","https://openalex.org/W2078833491","https://openalex.org/W2085382516","https://openalex.org/W2086793870","https://openalex.org/W2088437254","https://openalex.org/W2088693978","https://openalex.org/W2090764496","https://openalex.org/W2092517382","https://openalex.org/W2092675980","https://openalex.org/W2092982737","https://openalex.org/W2101152239","https://openalex.org/W2102663179","https://openalex.org/W2103003575","https://openalex.org/W2103341993","https://openalex.org/W2104460891","https://openalex.org/W2110297009","https://openalex.org/W2111678083","https://openalex.org/W2112704930","https://openalex.org/W2115207340","https://openalex.org/W2118795579","https://openalex.org/W2121163401","https://openalex.org/W2121878797","https://openalex.org/W2122160890","https://openalex.org/W2122882997","https://openalex.org/W2128148740","https://openalex.org/W2128338860","https://openalex.org/W2128903552","https://openalex.org/W2137690179","https://openalex.org/W2143386071","https://openalex.org/W2148691803","https://openalex.org/W2153351568","https://openalex.org/W2154302897","https://openalex.org/W2155423921","https://openalex.org/W2158641057","https://openalex.org/W2160653509","https://openalex.org/W2163045126","https://openalex.org/W2164454052","https://openalex.org/W2167460696","https://openalex.org/W2168043901","https://openalex.org/W2314309537","https://openalex.org/W2341836278","https://openalex.org/W2963206047","https://openalex.org/W2997134289","https://openalex.org/W3105731599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3006161929","https://openalex.org/W2239035031","https://openalex.org/W3080228278","https://openalex.org/W1975623893","https://openalex.org/W1981286618","https://openalex.org/W2010141624","https://openalex.org/W4386975449","https://openalex.org/W2090959871","https://openalex.org/W2057462878","https://openalex.org/W2045329126"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Breakthroughs":[0],"in":[1,66,97,159,177,206,221,246,259,335,358,442,526,612,700,726,807],"biology":[2],"often":[3],"arise":[4],"from":[5,20,251,319,328,472,579,592,765,783],"the":[6,21,42,59,83,91,98,128,178,183,192,222,241,252,260,268,283,303,310,320,329,343,351,380,384,389,395,398,402,405,415,443,455,462,466,473,519,528,540,573,580,589,600,613,626,646,649,653,686,691,708,714,734,766,775,784,797,803,813,820,824,831,842,847,855,871,875,879],"development":[7,119],"of":[8,14,44,72,120,133,140,157,182,194,211,240,267,388,394,414,422,433,440,461,539,618,696,710,717,772,777,805,826,859,865,870],"new":[9,53,300,506,536],"microscopy":[10,49,67,122,187,229,658,663,861],"tools.":[11,38],"Our":[12],"understanding":[13],"biological":[15,60,235,595,880],"systems":[16],"has":[17,264],"greatly":[18,732],"benefited":[19],"studies":[22],"with":[23,47,78,200,294,338,360,411,598,705,749,796,819],"electron":[24],"microscopy,":[25,28,31,34],"phase":[26],"contrast":[27,567],"confocal":[29],"fluorescence":[30,197,768],"scanning":[32,48,367,644],"probe":[33,289,315],"and":[35,148,185,218,227,263,288,314,401,420,437,465,498,571,628,637,845,857,881,884],"other":[36,478],"imaging":[37,116,132,156,199,548,667,676],"In":[39,108,145,275,307,503,517,534,545,566,830],"recent":[40,866],"years,":[41,834],"coupling":[43],"nonlinear":[45,73,84,111],"optics":[46,112],"opened":[50],"up":[51],"a":[52,138,163,174,201,276,295,299,361,374,412,423,475,505,523,532,593,605,635,638,701,727,755,778,863],"window":[54],"through":[55,862],"which":[56,685,731,745,781,801],"to":[57,127,297,417,445,568,586,707,787,853],"watch":[58],"world.":[61],"The":[62,180,324,449,458,721,737,868],"tight":[63],"focusing":[64],"condition":[65],"allows":[68,741],"an":[69,102,563,887],"efficient":[70],"generation":[71,142,215],"optical":[74],"(NLO)":[75],"signals":[76,752],"even":[77],"low":[79],"pulse":[80],"energies.":[81],"Meanwhile,":[82],"dependence":[85],"on":[86,840],"excitation":[87,196,541,581,609,761],"intensity":[88],"ensures":[89],"that":[90,377,757],"NLO":[92,121,186],"signal":[93,326,345,575,602,703,735,740,816],"is":[94,357,409,452,515,557,576,641,673,746,758,774,793],"only":[95],"generated":[96,642],"focal":[99],"center,":[100],"providing":[101],"inherent":[103],"three-dimensional":[104],"(3D)":[105],"spatial":[106],"resolution.":[107],"this":[109],"sense,":[110],"was":[113,135,189,244],"\u201cborn\u201d":[114],"for":[115,234,562,675,684],"use.\r\n\r\nThe":[117],"earliest":[118],"can":[123,346,372],"be":[124,347],"traced":[125],"back":[126],"1970s":[129],"when":[130,350],"second-harmonic":[131,141],"crystals":[134],"reported":[136,150],"as":[137,383,680],"proof-of-principle":[139],"(SHG)":[143],"microscopy.1,2":[144],"1982,":[146],"Duncan":[147],"co-workers":[149],"coherent":[151,271,479,485,694,722],"anti-Stokes":[152,304],"Raman":[153,272,386,399,438,480,487,491,495,719,750,810],"scattering":[154,488,591],"(CARS)":[155],"D2O":[158],"onion":[160],"cells":[161],"using":[162],"dye":[164,204],"laser":[165,205,280,322,650],"system.3":[166],"However,":[167,392],"these":[168],"early":[169,261],"papers":[170],"did":[171],"not":[172,747],"prompt":[173],"lot":[175],"activity":[176],"1980s.":[179],"prosperity":[181],"multiphoton":[184],"field":[188,301,312,316,507,521,530],"triggered":[190],"by":[191,209,248,454,643],"demonstration":[193],"two-photon":[195],"(TPEF)":[198],"mode-locked":[202],"femtosecond":[203],"1990,4":[207],"followed":[208],"demonstrations":[210],"high-quality":[212],"third":[213],"harmonic":[214],"(THG)":[216],"imaging5":[217],"CARS":[219,242,256,277,325,333,344,375,406,436,463,476,547,574,601,624,639,657,697,739,773,806,815,860],"imaging6":[220],"late":[223],"1990s.":[224],"Nowadays,":[225],"TPEF":[226],"SHG":[228],"have":[230,837],"become":[231],"powerful":[232],"tools":[233],"research.7,8\r\n\r\nThe":[236],"first":[237],"systematic":[238],"study":[239],"phenomenon":[243],"published":[245],"1965":[247],"two":[249,550],"scientists":[250],"Ford":[253],"Motor":[254],"company.9":[255],"spectroscopy":[257,273],"emerged":[258],"1970s10":[262],"been":[265,838],"one":[266,371],"most":[269,308,546],"important":[270,674],"techniques.11\u201313":[274],"process,":[278],"three":[279],"fields":[281,542,698],"at":[282,302,425,468,508,604,754],"pump":[284,311,627],"(\u03c9p),":[285],"Stokes":[286,486,629],"(\u03c9s),":[287],"(":[290],"\u03c9p\u2032)":[291],"frequencies":[292],"interact":[293],"medium":[296,337],"generate":[298],"frequency":[305,419,427,509],"\u03c9as=(\u03c9p\u2212\u03c9s)+\u03c9p\u2032.":[306],"experiments,":[309,549],"Ep":[313],"Ep\u2032":[317],"come":[318],"same":[321,381,390],"beam.":[323],"arises":[327,782],"third-order-induced":[330],"polarization,":[331],"P(3)=\u03c7(3)EpEs\u2217Ep.":[332],"occurs":[334],"any":[336,669],"nonzero":[339],"susceptibility":[340],"\u03c7(3).":[341],"Importantly,":[342],"significantly":[348,689],"enhanced":[349],"beating":[352],"frequency,":[353],"(\u03c9p":[354,368,512],"\u2212":[355,369,511,513],"\u03c9s),":[356,370],"resonance":[359],"molecular":[362,666,692,711,821],"vibration":[363],"(Fig.":[364,428],"1A).":[365],"By":[366],"acquire":[373],"spectrum":[376,387],"carries":[378],"essentially":[379],"information":[382],"spontaneous":[385,718],"sample.":[391],"because":[393],"interference":[396],"between":[397],"component":[400],"nonresonant":[403,450,779,791,843],"component,":[404],"line":[407],"profile":[408],"dispersed,":[410],"shift":[413,460],"peak":[416],"lower":[418],"appearance":[421],"dip":[424,467],"higher":[426],"1B).\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nFig.":[429],"1\r\n\r\n(A)":[430],"Energy":[431],"diagram":[432],"CARS.":[434],"(B)":[435],"spectra":[439],"polystyrene":[441],"1550":[444],"1650":[446],"cm\u22121":[447,470],"region.":[448],"background":[451,780,792,844],"indicated":[453],"dashed":[456],"line.":[457],"red":[459],"peaks":[464],"1608":[469],"result":[471],"...\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nIn":[474],"experiment,":[477],"processes":[481],"occur":[482],"simultaneously,":[483],"including":[484],"(CSRS),":[489],"stimulated":[490,494],"gain":[492,524],"(SRG),":[493],"loss":[496],"(SRL),":[497],"Raman-induced":[499],"Kerr":[500],"effect":[501],"(RIKE).11,14":[502],"CSRS,":[504,599],"\u03c9s":[510,520],"\u03c9s)":[514],"generated.":[516,544],"SRG,":[518,569],"experiences":[522,531],"while":[525],"SRL":[527],"\u03c9p":[529],"loss.":[533],"RIKE,":[535,572],"polarization":[537],"components":[538],"are":[543,553,622,631],"parallel-polarized":[551],"beams":[552,630],"used,":[554],"where":[555,616],"RIKE":[556],"negligible":[558],"(\u03c72111":[559],"=":[560],"0":[561],"isotropic":[564],"medium).":[565],"SRL,":[570],"spectrally":[577,763],"separated":[578,764],"beams,":[582],"making":[583,823],"it":[584],"easy":[585],"filter":[587],"out":[588],"linear":[590,715],"heterogeneous":[594],"system.":[596],"Compared":[597],"appears":[603],"wavelength":[606,756],"shorter":[607,759],"than":[608,760],"wavelengths,":[610,762],"usually":[611],"visible":[614],"region":[615],"detectors":[617],"high":[619],"quantum":[620],"efficiency":[621],"available.\r\n\r\nIn":[623],"microscopy,15\u201318":[625],"tightly":[632],"focused":[633],"into":[634],"sample":[636,647],"image":[640],"either":[645],"or":[648,682],"beams.":[651],"Besides":[652],"3D":[654],"sectioning":[655],"capability,":[656],"offers":[659],"several":[660],"unique":[661],"advantages.\r\n\r\n\r\nCARS":[662],"permits":[664],"nondestructive":[665],"without":[668],"labeling.":[670],"This":[671,790],"advantage":[672],"small":[677],"molecules":[678,828],"such":[679],"lipids":[681],"drugs":[683],"labeling":[687],"may":[688],"affect":[690],"properties.\r\n\r\n\r\nThe":[693],"addition":[695,723],"results":[699,725],"quadratic":[702],"increase":[704,716],"respect":[706],"number":[709],"oscillators,":[712],"versus":[713],"signal.":[720],"also":[724],"highly":[728],"directional":[729],"output,":[730],"facilitates":[733],"collection.":[736],"large":[738],"high-speed":[742],"vibrational":[743],"imaging,":[744],"possible":[748],"microscopy.\r\n\r\n\r\nCARS":[751],"appear":[753],"one-photon":[767],"background.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\nThe":[769],"major":[770],"disadvantage":[771],"existence":[776],"electronic":[785],"contribution":[786],"\u03c7":[788],"(3).":[789],"coherently":[794],"mixed":[795],"vibrationally":[798],"resonant":[799,814],"signal,":[800],"limits":[802],"sensitivity":[804,849],"detecting":[808],"weak":[809],"bands.":[811],"Additionally,":[812],"decreases":[817],"quadratically":[818],"concentration,":[822],"detection":[825,848],"low-concentration":[827],"difficult.":[829],"past":[832],"few":[833],"tremendous":[835],"efforts":[836],"spent":[839],"suppressing":[841],"pushing":[846],"limit.\r\n\r\nThis":[850],"paper":[851,872],"aims":[852],"evaluate":[854],"potential":[856],"limitations":[858],"review":[864],"advances.":[867],"rest":[869],"will":[873],"discuss":[874],"technical":[876],"developments,":[877],"summarize":[878],"biomedical":[882],"applications,":[883],"finally":[885],"present":[886],"outlook.":[888]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-10-13T10:08:12.033832","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
