{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139104261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","title":"Children reject inequity out of spite","display_name":"Children reject inequity out of spite","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-12-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139104261","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","mag":"2139104261","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540156"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153317304","display_name":"Biology Letters","issn_l":"1744-9561","issn":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057595868","display_name":"Katherine McAuliffe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-0250","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4230-0250"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I32971472","display_name":"Yale University","ror":"https://ror.org/03v76x132","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Katherine McAuliffe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA","Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I32971472"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8205, USA Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I32971472"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5135518128","display_name":"Peter R. Blake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3968-9880","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3968-9880"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111088046","display_name":"Boston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05qwgg493","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter R. Blake","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA","Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111088046"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024921128","display_name":"Felix Warneken","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4799-2559","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4799-2559"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Warneken","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057595868"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984","https://openalex.org/I32971472"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.7256,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":75,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98592599,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":93,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"12","first_page":"20140743","last_page":"20140743"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.8285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10656","display_name":"Child and Animal Learning Development","score":0.07000000029802322,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12313","display_name":"Emotions and Moral Behavior","score":0.05510000139474869,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spite","display_name":"spite","score":0.8040000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inequity-aversion","display_name":"inequity aversion","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frustration","display_name":"frustration","score":0.7419999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/children","display_name":"children","score":0.4569999873638153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adults","display_name":"adults","score":0.4690000116825104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cooperation","display_name":"cooperation","score":0.33799999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition","display_name":"competition","score":0.9089999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-motivation","display_name":"social motivation","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/species-specific-behavior","display_name":"species-specific behavior","score":0.42899999022483826}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194959371","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17056235","display_name":"Inequity aversion","level":3,"score":0.8887734413146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38710091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192242","display_name":"Frustration","level":2,"score":0.6450528502464294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776134716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179723","display_name":"Sacrifice","level":2,"score":0.5695234537124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45555294","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28113351","display_name":"Inequality","level":2,"score":0.5407285094261169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158608086","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2990613","display_name":"Prosocial behavior","level":2,"score":0.4943428039550781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.48800817131996155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.4610952138900757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.43686652183532715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.3817247450351715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012935","descriptor_name":"Social Justice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153317304","display_name":"Biology Letters","issn_l":"1744-9561","issn":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4298187","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4298187","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biol Lett","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:25540156","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25540156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology letters","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","pdf_url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/pdf/10.1098/rsbl.2014.0743","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S153317304","display_name":"Biology Letters","issn_l":"1744-9561","issn":["1744-9561","1744-957X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-d","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319787","host_organization_name":"Royal Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319787"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Royal Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Biology Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.5899999737739563}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139104261.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139104261.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W184532727","https://openalex.org/W193782728","https://openalex.org/W1968767162","https://openalex.org/W2015620031","https://openalex.org/W2023631943","https://openalex.org/W2032845130","https://openalex.org/W2045744884","https://openalex.org/W2098877713","https://openalex.org/W2109954531","https://openalex.org/W2113156032","https://openalex.org/W2115489371","https://openalex.org/W2116808178","https://openalex.org/W2130160105","https://openalex.org/W2132218465","https://openalex.org/W2134320419","https://openalex.org/W2137306483","https://openalex.org/W2141572305","https://openalex.org/W2144228882","https://openalex.org/W2150592504","https://openalex.org/W2165299234","https://openalex.org/W3022808291","https://openalex.org/W3141761407"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2800889318","https://openalex.org/W3184787772","https://openalex.org/W3173951808","https://openalex.org/W2365379362","https://openalex.org/W603013573","https://openalex.org/W2372682982","https://openalex.org/W2484597701","https://openalex.org/W3190134375","https://openalex.org/W2168995725","https://openalex.org/W2778500156"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"When":[0],"confronted":[1],"with":[2],"inequality,":[3],"human":[4,42,57],"children":[5,73],"and":[6,74,134,144],"adults":[7,75],"sacrifice":[8,24],"personal":[9,26],"gain":[10,27],"to":[11,45,71,100],"reduce":[12],"the":[13,60,122],"pay-offs":[14],"of":[15,25,86,110,140],"other":[16],"individuals,":[17],"exhibiting":[18],"apparently":[19],"spiteful":[20],"motivations.":[21],"By":[22],"contrast,":[23],"by":[28],"non-human":[29],"animals":[30],"is":[31],"often":[32],"interpreted":[33],"as":[34],"frustration.":[35,89],"Spite":[36],"may":[37,135],"thus":[38,129],"be":[39,136],"a":[40,111,137],"uniquely":[41],"motivator.":[43],"However,":[44],"date,":[46],"no":[47],"empirical":[48],"study":[49],"has":[50,119],"demonstrated":[51],"that":[52,92],"psychological":[53],"spite":[54,87],"actually":[55],"drives":[56],"behaviour,":[58],"leaving":[59],"motivation":[61],"for":[62,80,83],"inequity":[63,78],"aversion":[64],"unclear.":[65],"Here,":[66],"we":[67],"ask":[68],"whether":[69],"4-":[70],"9-year-old":[72],"reject":[76,101],"disadvantageous":[77,102],"(less":[79],"self,":[81],"more":[82,98],"peer)":[84],"out":[85],"or":[88],"We":[90],"show":[91],"children,":[93],"but":[94],"not":[95],"adults,":[96],"are":[97,128],"likely":[99],"allocations":[103],"when":[104,116],"doing":[105],"so":[106],"deprives":[107],"their":[108,117],"peer":[109,118],"better":[112,123],"reward":[113,124],"(spite)":[114],"than":[115],"already":[120],"received":[121],"(frustration).":[125],"Spiteful":[126],"motivations":[127],"present":[130],"early":[131],"in":[132],"childhood":[133],"species-specific":[138],"component":[139],"humans'":[141],"developing":[142],"cooperative":[143],"competitive":[145],"behaviour.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-10-17T09:40:24.721904","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
