{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139055304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","title":"Emergency Medicine Animal Research: Does Use of Randomization and Blinding Affect the Results?","display_name":"Emergency Medicine Animal Research: Does Use of Randomization and Blinding Affect the Results?","publication_year":2003,"publication_date":"2003-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139055304","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","mag":"2139055304","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12782533"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171705774","display_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1069-6563","issn":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110120603","display_name":"Vik Bebarta","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087413","display_name":"University of Colorado Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0107w4315","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vik Bebarta","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA","University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001888275","display_name":"Dylan Luyten","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801983979","display_name":"Denver Health Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01fbz6h17","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801983979"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dylan Luyten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Denver Health Medical Center, Residency in Emergency Medicine, Denver, CO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Denver Health Medical Center, Residency in Emergency Medicine, Denver, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801983979"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054594497","display_name":"Kennon J Heard","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-1337","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8423-1337"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087413","display_name":"University of Colorado Health","ror":"https://ror.org/0107w4315","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kennon Heard","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Colorado Emergency Medicine Research Center and Rocky Mountain Poison and Drug Center, Denver, CO","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054594497"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087413"],"apc_list":{"value":3900,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3900},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.9022,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":246,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98427673,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"10","issue":"6","first_page":"684","last_page":"687"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12281","display_name":"Animal testing and alternatives","score":0.8881999850273132,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3404","display_name":"Small Animals"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/34","display_name":"Veterinary"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10206","display_name":"Meta-analysis and systematic reviews","score":0.04089999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1804","display_name":"Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11235","display_name":"Statistical Methods in Clinical Trials","score":0.02160000056028366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/animal-studies","display_name":"animal studies","score":0.7609999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/randomization","display_name":"randomization","score":0.8659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blinding","display_name":"blinding","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medicine-research","display_name":"emergency medicine research","score":0.5360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/methodological-quality","display_name":"methodological quality","score":0.5460000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overestimation-of-treatment-effects","display_name":"overestimation of treatment effects","score":0.7760000228881836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/society-for-academic-emergency-medicine","display_name":"Society for Academic Emergency Medicine","score":0.871999979019165}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2771230","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4926699","display_name":"Blinding","level":3,"score":0.9393905401229858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.8388532400131226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204243189","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1363085","display_name":"Randomization","level":3,"score":0.7541548013687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C156957248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216","display_name":"Odds ratio","level":2,"score":0.5858179330825806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44249647","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208498","display_name":"Confidence interval","level":2,"score":0.5834680795669556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168563851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1436668","display_name":"Randomized controlled trial","level":2,"score":0.524703860282898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C535046627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30612","display_name":"Clinical trial","level":2,"score":0.47939491271972656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.463024765253067},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95190672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815382","display_name":"Meta-analysis","level":2,"score":0.45821139216423035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143095724","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895","display_name":"Odds","level":3,"score":0.4559742212295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.42280346155166626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512399662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712","display_name":"Family medicine","level":1,"score":0.401662141084671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2479328215122223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.14714249968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.1158568263053894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004311","descriptor_name":"Double-Blind Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004635","descriptor_name":"Emergency Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011897","descriptor_name":"Random Allocation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012107","descriptor_name":"Research Design","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016896","descriptor_name":"Treatment Outcome","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D032761","descriptor_name":"Animal Experimentation","qualifier_ui":"Q000592","qualifier_name":"standards","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171705774","display_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1069-6563","issn":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.1197/aemj.10.6.684","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1197/aemj.10.6.684","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1197/aemj.10.6.684","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171705774","display_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1069-6563","issn":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:12782533","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12782533","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","pdf_url":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00056.x","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S171705774","display_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","issn_l":"1069-6563","issn":["1069-6563","1553-2712"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Academic Emergency Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139055304.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2139055304.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2011932878","https://openalex.org/W2030070356","https://openalex.org/W2033238186","https://openalex.org/W2052984045","https://openalex.org/W2083472170","https://openalex.org/W2084917404","https://openalex.org/W2147581820","https://openalex.org/W2169997396","https://openalex.org/W4250643419"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062454167","https://openalex.org/W6884919576","https://openalex.org/W2037669635","https://openalex.org/W4403128620","https://openalex.org/W3146128935","https://openalex.org/W1982898341","https://openalex.org/W2168292915","https://openalex.org/W2156954254","https://openalex.org/W2587028160","https://openalex.org/W2140525083"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"It":[1],"has":[2],"been":[3],"shown":[4],"that":[5,9,56,106,282,292,313,316,335],"human":[6],"clinical":[7],"trials":[8],"lack":[10],"randomization":[11],"(RND)":[12],"or":[13,60,110,115,127,204,241,257],"blinding":[14],"(BLD)":[15],"often":[16],"overestimate":[17],"the":[18,28,43,72,89,125,141,157,175,179,185,295],"magnitude":[19],"of":[20,30,45,74,140,146,156,182,221,236],"treatment":[21,79,149,166],"effects.":[22],"However,":[23],"no":[24],"studies":[25,47,223,238,248,259,281,291,315,334],"have":[26],"evaluated":[27],"effect":[29,122],"RND":[31,285,320],"and":[32,62,119,168,199,234,246,269,286,321],"BLD":[33,203,322],"on":[34],"animal":[35,46,109,232,314],"research.":[36],"The":[37,195],"authors'":[38],"objectives":[39],"were":[40,129,132,191,224,231,249,288],"to":[41,63,67,148,165,252,267,277,307,326],"determine":[42,64],"proportion":[44],"presented":[48,87],"at":[49,88],"a":[50,76,100,298,328],"national":[51],"academic":[52],"emergency":[53],"medicine":[54],"meeting":[55],"utilize":[57,319],"randomization,":[58],"blinding,":[59],"both;":[61],"whether":[65],"failure":[66],"employ":[68,336],"these":[69,237,337],"techniques":[70],"changes":[71],"likelihood":[73],"observing":[75],"difference":[77,173,329],"between":[78,174,197,330],"groups.":[80,244],"METHODS:":[81],"Two":[82],"trained":[83],"researchers":[84],"reviewed":[85],"abstracts":[86],"1997-2001":[90],"Society":[91],"for":[92,297],"Academic":[93],"Emergency":[94],"Medicine":[95],"(SAEM)":[96],"annual":[97],"meetings":[98],"using":[99,208],"standard":[101],"data":[102],"collection":[103],"sheet.":[104],"Studies":[105,131],"used":[107,283,293],"an":[108,121,162],"cell":[111],"line,":[112],"compared":[113,289],"two":[114,240],"more":[116,242,250,324],"study":[117,176,200,243,300,331],"groups,":[118,150],"measured":[120,207],"caused":[123],"by":[124,161,193],"intervention":[126],"drugs":[128],"included.":[130],"classified":[133],"as":[134,226],"randomized":[135],"(RND+)":[136],"if":[137,153,171],"any":[138,154,172],"part":[139],"experiment":[142],"involved":[143],"random":[144],"assignment":[145],"subjects":[147],"blinded":[151,164],"(BLD+)":[152],"assessment":[155],"outcome":[158,198],"was":[159,206,301],"made":[160],"investigator":[163],"group,":[167],"outcome-positive":[169],"(Outcome+)":[170],"groups":[177,332],"met":[178],"author's":[180],"definition":[181],"significant.":[183],"Following":[184],"initial":[186],"review,":[187],"differences":[188],"in":[189],"classification":[190],"resolved":[192],"consensus.":[194],"association":[196],"methodology":[201],"(RND,":[202],"both)":[205],"odds":[209],"ratios":[210],"(ORs)":[211],"with":[212,290],"95%":[213,263,273],"confidence":[214],"intervals":[215],"(95%":[216,303],"CIs).":[217],"RESULTS:":[218],"A":[219],"total":[220],"2,592":[222],"published":[225],"abstracts.":[227],"Three":[228],"hundred":[229],"eighty-nine":[230],"studies,":[233],"290":[235],"had":[239],"RND-":[245],"BLD-":[247],"likely":[251,325],"be":[253],"Outcome+":[254],"than":[255,333],"RND+":[256],"BLD+":[258],"(OR":[260],"=":[261,265,271,275,305],"3.4;":[262],"CI":[264,274,304],"1.7":[266],"6.9":[268],"OR":[270,296],"3.2;":[272],"1.3":[276],"7.7,":[278],"respectively).":[279],"When":[280],"both":[284],"BND":[287],"neither,":[294],"positive":[299],"5.2":[302],"2.0":[306],"13.5).":[308],"CONCLUSIONS:":[309],"These":[310],"results":[311],"suggest":[312],"do":[317],"not":[318],"are":[323],"report":[327],"methods.":[338]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":11}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
