{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139043805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","title":"In the Eye of the Beholder: Sex and Race Estimation using the Human Orbital Aperture*","display_name":"In the Eye of the Beholder: Sex and Race Estimation using the Human Orbital Aperture*","publication_year":2011,"publication_date":"2011-08-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139043805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","mag":"2139043805","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21827460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001808941","display_name":"Polly R. Husmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5935-9956","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5935-9956"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I111146913","display_name":"West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01s8dqw53","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I111146913"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Polly R. Husmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA","Current address: West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 N. Lee St., Lewisburg, WV 24901","Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Current address: West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, 400 N. Lee St., Lewisburg, WV 24901","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111146913"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069744762","display_name":"David R. Samson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-7652","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3318-7652"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210119109","display_name":"Indiana University Bloomington","ror":"https://ror.org/02k40bc56","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I592451","display_name":"Indiana University","ror":"https://ror.org/01kg8sb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I592451"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David R. Samson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indiana University, Student Building 130, Bloomington, IN 47405","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001808941"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I111146913","https://openalex.org/I4210119109","https://openalex.org/I592451"],"apc_list":{"value":4330,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4330},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.9424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9728418,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"56","issue":"6","first_page":"1424","last_page":"1429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10992","display_name":"Forensic Anthropology and Bioarchaeology Studies","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1204","display_name":"Archeology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12417","display_name":"Morphological variations and asymmetry","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2608","display_name":"Geometry and Topology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10421","display_name":"Pleistocene-Era Hominins and Archaeology","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3314","display_name":"Anthropology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-estimation","display_name":"sex estimation","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race-estimation","display_name":"race estimation","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/orbital-index","display_name":"orbital index","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometric-morphometrics","display_name":"geometric morphometrics","score":0.8460000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intra-observer-error","display_name":"intra-observer error","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forensic-anthropology","display_name":"forensic anthropology","score":0.4300000071525574}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76509639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036","display_name":"Race (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6222096085548401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196644772","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3884964","display_name":"Orbit (dynamics)","level":2,"score":0.5553756356239319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.5348421931266785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780704645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9251458","display_name":"Observer (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5343538522720337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.4660915434360504},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176979668","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28065","display_name":"Forensic anthropology","level":2,"score":0.4180963337421417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C774472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6760393","display_name":"Margin (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.41722649335861206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.4169030487537384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.41125380992889404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37882280349731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.24763667583465576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.23904061317443848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14339527487754822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.12887641787528992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107993555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662673","display_name":"Gender studies","level":1,"score":0.11020782589912415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.09628912806510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000704","descriptor_name":"Analysis of Variance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009915","descriptor_name":"Orbit","qualifier_ui":"Q000033","qualifier_name":"anatomy & histology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015588","descriptor_name":"Observer Variation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018732","descriptor_name":"Forensic Anthropology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054881","descriptor_name":"Sex Determination by Skeleton","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01864.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S62072220","display_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","issn_l":"0022-1198","issn":["0022-1198","1556-4029"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Forensic Sciences","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21827460","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21827460","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of forensic sciences","raw_type":"Comparative Study"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5","score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Gender equality"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W38395036","https://openalex.org/W81377659","https://openalex.org/W109646038","https://openalex.org/W182044355","https://openalex.org/W591219492","https://openalex.org/W1579568862","https://openalex.org/W1780378669","https://openalex.org/W1968033658","https://openalex.org/W1986078443","https://openalex.org/W1997661122","https://openalex.org/W2006750253","https://openalex.org/W2020060390","https://openalex.org/W2126721275","https://openalex.org/W2151105625","https://openalex.org/W4246117510","https://openalex.org/W4251752949","https://openalex.org/W4290680548","https://openalex.org/W6638093333","https://openalex.org/W7038240176"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7220941396","https://openalex.org/W4365814335","https://openalex.org/W4405657684","https://openalex.org/W2184496019","https://openalex.org/W4413759608","https://openalex.org/W4414114192","https://openalex.org/W4316662306","https://openalex.org/W3118045376","https://openalex.org/W2460668044","https://openalex.org/W2995193915"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"From":[0],"the":[1,12,29,43,60,82,91,94,102,121],"works":[2],"of":[3,32,64,105,129],"Broca":[4],"and":[5,10,20,23,37,46,51,56,93],"Krogman":[6],"to":[7,41,77,114,135,145],"modern-day":[8],"Jantz":[9],"Buikstra,":[11],"orbit":[13],"has":[14],"been":[15],"used":[16,144],"for":[17],"both":[18,90],"quantitative":[19],"qualitative":[21],"sex":[22,147],"race":[24],"estimation.":[25],"This":[26],"study":[27,74],"evaluates":[28],"practical":[30,107],"value":[31],"these":[33,65,139],"estimations.":[34],"Orbital":[35],"height":[36],"breadth":[38],"were":[39,87,104,112],"measured":[40],"determine":[42],"orbital":[44],"index":[45,92],"assess":[47,78],"differences":[48,80,86,103,111],"between":[49],"men":[50],"women":[52],"or":[53,148],"black":[54],"people":[55,58],"white":[57],"in":[59,89,131],"Hamann-Todd":[61],"Collection.":[62],"Replicability":[63],"measures":[66],"was":[67,75,133],"also":[68],"examined.":[69],"Finally,":[70],"a":[71],"geometric":[72,122],"morphometric":[73,123],"performed":[76],"shape":[79,132],"using":[81],"entire":[83],"margin.":[84],"Significant":[85],"found":[88,113],"geomorphometric":[95],"study;":[96],"however,":[97],"further":[98],"investigation":[99],"revealed":[100],"that":[101,126],"little":[106],"use.":[108],"The":[109],"measurement":[110],"be":[115,143],"smaller":[116],"than":[117],"intra-observer":[118],"error,":[119],"while":[120],"analysis":[124],"demonstrated":[125],"minimal":[127],"percentage":[128],"variation":[130],"attributable":[134],"group":[136],"differences.":[137],"Thus,":[138],"techniques":[140],"should":[141],"not":[142],"estimate":[146],"race.":[149]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}