{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2139022090","doi":null,"title":"What do we need to add to a social network to get a society? Answer: something like what we have to add to a spatial network to get a city","display_name":"What do we need to add to a social network to get a society? Answer: something like what we have to add to a spatial network to get a city","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2139022090","mag":"2139022090"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:18535","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18535/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: Koch, D. and Marcus, L. and Steen, J., (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. (pp. p. 42). Royal Institute of Technology (KTH): Stockholm, Sweden. (2009)","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104056575","display_name":"Bill Hillier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-3326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-3326"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"B Hillier","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4931-3326","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5104056575"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.17474796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12953","display_name":"Critical Realism in Sociology","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12953","display_name":"Critical Realism in Sociology","score":0.38600000739097595,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.11840000003576279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12325","display_name":"Urban Design and Spatial Analysis","score":0.09690000116825104,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-networks","display_name":"social networks","score":0.8989999890327454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-theory","display_name":"social theory","score":0.8610000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-networks","display_name":"spatial networks","score":0.5830000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cities","display_name":"cities","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reflexivity","display_name":"reflexivity","score":0.8809999823570251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlocality","display_name":"nonlocality","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-ontology","display_name":"social ontology","score":0.7120000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-dynamics","display_name":"network dynamics","score":0.5540000200271606}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4727928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759","display_name":"Social network (sociolinguistics)","level":3,"score":0.6873676776885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521332185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185816","display_name":"Analogy","level":2,"score":0.5085994005203247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139475501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17081866","display_name":"Social heuristics","level":4,"score":0.5071878433227539},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778572836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380933","display_name":"Space (punctuation)","level":2,"score":0.5039634108543396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4742283523082733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147675338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421953","display_name":"Actor\u2013network theory","level":2,"score":0.4736256003379822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.45581501722335815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41852734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1990987","display_name":"Social theory","level":2,"score":0.4504002332687378},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780801425","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392","display_name":"Construct (python library)","level":2,"score":0.44237416982650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779005484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551384","display_name":"Social space","level":3,"score":0.4314894676208496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11804174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192971","display_name":"Network theory","level":2,"score":0.42642444372177124},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114713312","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7551269","display_name":"Social network analysis","level":3,"score":0.4213762879371643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13200473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2747831","display_name":"Reflexivity","level":2,"score":0.41181525588035583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.3908393085002899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.3885546028614044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.22179335355758667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206836424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1510761","display_name":"Social change","level":2,"score":0.20577320456504822},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20435896515846252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.18254545331001282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C518677369","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833","display_name":"Social media","level":2,"score":0.1409425139427185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.13779276609420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25148115","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q304904","display_name":"Social competence","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:18535","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18535/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: Koch, D. and Marcus, L. and Steen, J., (eds.) Proceedings of the 7th International Space Syntax Symposium. (pp. p. 42). Royal Institute of Technology (KTH): Stockholm, Sweden. (2009)","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:18545","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18545/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Presented at: COSIT07 Workshop on Social and Geographical Space, Melbourne, Australia. (2007)","raw_type":"Conference item"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:42384","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/42384/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: (Proceedings) COSIT07 Workshop on Social and Geographical Space, Melbourne. (2007)","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.ucl.ac.uk.OAI2:49841","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/49841/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400024","display_name":"UCL Discovery (University College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I45129253","host_organization_name":"University College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I45129253"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"In: (Proceedings) Proceedings of the Seventh Space Syntax Symposium. : Stockholm. (2009)","raw_type":"Proceedings paper"},{"id":"mag:2139022090","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/18535/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:2179682125","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://sss7.org/Proceedings/03%20Spatial%20Analysis%20and%20Architectural%20Theory/042_Hillier.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.761900007724762,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490417931","https://openalex.org/W1503549511","https://openalex.org/W1557661352","https://openalex.org/W1578053392","https://openalex.org/W1583870754","https://openalex.org/W1593602228","https://openalex.org/W1979973762","https://openalex.org/W2066745959","https://openalex.org/W2109469951","https://openalex.org/W2124122006","https://openalex.org/W2126116380","https://openalex.org/W2291744219","https://openalex.org/W2316753634","https://openalex.org/W2330340155","https://openalex.org/W2334885612","https://openalex.org/W2506372162","https://openalex.org/W3168991035"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1750280181","https://openalex.org/W7097228203","https://openalex.org/W7097046584","https://openalex.org/W2808849620","https://openalex.org/W3030976624","https://openalex.org/W3023877112","https://openalex.org/W7111472005","https://openalex.org/W2770233428","https://openalex.org/W2531488302","https://openalex.org/W2769721488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2,144],"seen":[3],"great":[4],"advances":[5],"in":[6,56,93,105,128,169,224],"social":[7,23,29,44,49,66,98,112,129,222],"network":[8,18,30,67,83,99,130,151,168],"analysis.":[9],"Yet,":[10],"with":[11,138],"a":[12,26,65,70,106,135,154,162,165,189,198,233,237],"few":[13],"exceptions,":[14],"the":[15,54,80,95,101,117,124,139,170,201,208],"field":[16],"of":[17,97,103,126,200,207,236],"analysis":[19],"remains":[20],"remote":[21],"from":[22],"theory.":[24,113],"As":[25],"result,":[27],"much":[28],"research,":[31],"while":[32],"technically":[33],"accomplished":[34],"and":[35,85,122,173,184,226],"theoretically":[36],"suggestive,":[37],"is":[38,88,109],"essentially":[39],"descriptive.":[40],"How":[41],"then":[42,214],"can":[43,196,231],"networks":[45,223],"be":[46],"linked":[47],"to":[48,64,68,145,147,152,176],"theory?":[50],"Here":[51,114],"we":[52,62,115,181,191,195,230],"pose":[53],"question":[55],"its":[57,120],"simplest":[58],"form:":[59],"what":[60,141],"must":[61],"add":[63,146],"get":[69,153],"society?":[71],"We":[72,156,213],"begin":[73],"by":[74,133,160,204,217],"showing":[75],"that":[76,89,108,159,216],"one":[77],"reason":[78],"for":[79,111],"disconnection":[81],"between":[82],"theory":[84,87,131],"society":[86],"because":[90],"it":[91,175],"exists":[92],"space-time,":[94],"concept":[96],"raises":[100],"issue":[102],"space":[104,127,150],"way":[107],"problematical":[110],"turn":[116],"problem":[118,125],"on":[119],"head":[121],"make":[123],"explicit":[132],"proposing":[134],"surprising":[136],"analogy":[137],"question:":[140],"do":[142],"you":[143],"an":[148],"urban":[149],"city.":[155],"show":[157,215],"first":[158,171],"treating":[161],"city":[163],"as":[164,221],"na\u00efve":[166],"spatial":[167],"instance":[172],"allowing":[174],"acquire":[177],"two":[178],"formal":[179],"properties":[180],"call":[182,192],"reflexivity":[183],"nonlocality,":[185],"both":[186],"mediated":[187],"through":[188],"mechanism":[190],"description":[193],"retrieval,":[194],"build":[197],"picture":[199],"dynamics":[202],"processes":[203],"which":[205],"collections":[206],"buildings":[209],"become":[210],"living":[211],"cities.":[212],"describing":[218],"societies":[219],"initially":[220],"space-time":[225],"adding":[227],"similar":[228],"properties,":[229],"construct":[232],"plausible":[234],"ontology":[235],"simple":[238],"human":[239],"society.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}