{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138993605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","title":"The Genetics of Sex: Exploring Differences","display_name":"The Genetics of Sex: Exploring Differences","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138993605","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","mag":"2138993605","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939993","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4063912"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65932378","display_name":"Genetics","issn_l":"0016-6731","issn":["0016-6731","1943-2631"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4063912","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065376161","display_name":"Michelle N Arbeitman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4352","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2437-4352"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103163165","display_name":"Florida State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05g3dte14","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michelle N. Arbeitman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences , College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences , College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013815131","display_name":"Artyom Kopp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5224-0741","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5224-0741"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Artyom Kopp","raw_affiliation_strings":["**Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"**Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, California 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025186301","display_name":"Mark L. Siegal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-2988","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6930-2988"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57206974","display_name":"New York University","ror":"https://ror.org/0190ak572","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark L. Siegal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Genomics and Systems Biology , Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Genomics and Systems Biology , Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York 10003","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57206974"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mark Van Doren","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mark Van Doren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biology Department, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065376161"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103163165"],"apc_list":{"value":4477,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4477},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2183,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59295308,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"197","issue":"2","first_page":"527","last_page":"529"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11077","display_name":"Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11077","display_name":"Genetic and Clinical Aspects of Sex Determination and Chromosomal Abnormalities","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10434","display_name":"Chromosomal and Genetic Variations","score":0.00039999998989515007,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1110","display_name":"Plant Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/11","display_name":"Agricultural and Biological Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11956","display_name":"Sexual Differentiation and Disorders","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-differences","display_name":"sex differences","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-determination","display_name":"sex determination","score":0.675000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-chromosomes","display_name":"sex chromosomes","score":0.7409999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dosage-compensation","display_name":"dosage compensation","score":0.9449999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meiosis","display_name":"meiosis","score":0.6039999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recombination","display_name":"recombination","score":0.6639999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sexually-antagonistic-selection","display_name":"sexually antagonistic selection","score":0.7940000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/self-incompatibility","display_name":"self-incompatibility","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asexuality","display_name":"asexuality","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gametogenesis","display_name":"gametogenesis","score":0.7450000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/germ-cells","display_name":"germ cells","score":0.6190000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-specific-gene-expression","display_name":"sex-specific gene expression","score":0.6690000295639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sex-specific-behavior","display_name":"sex-specific behavior","score":0.3659999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/caenorhabditis-elegans","display_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","score":0.8289999961853027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maize","display_name":"maize","score":0.628000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drosophila","display_name":"Drosophila","score":0.6669999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coleoptera","display_name":"Coleoptera","score":0.5590000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fungi","display_name":"fungi","score":0.6019999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.7435114979743958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.700982928276062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47042493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265799","display_name":"Human genetics","level":3,"score":0.6292485594749451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64474127","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071953","display_name":"Medical genetics","level":3,"score":0.46234384179115295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C85721925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31151","display_name":"Population genetics","level":3,"score":0.43955352902412415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204315192","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210506","display_name":"Molecular genetics","level":3,"score":0.43149951100349426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3532543182373047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.23139870166778564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.12832465767860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.11568725109100342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.08958333730697632}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001517","descriptor_name":"Coleoptera","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003313","descriptor_name":"Zea mays","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012641","descriptor_name":"Selection, Genetic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012727","descriptor_name":"Sex Characteristics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012730","descriptor_name":"Sex Chromosomes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017173","descriptor_name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019607","descriptor_name":"Brassicaceae","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019607","descriptor_name":"Brassicaceae","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019849","descriptor_name":"Sex Determination Processes","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020068","descriptor_name":"Zygosaccharomyces","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060436","descriptor_name":"Self-Incompatibility in Flowering Plants","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1534/genetics.114.165456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.114.165456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S65932378","display_name":"Genetics","issn_l":"0016-6731","issn":["0016-6731","1943-2631"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","ki-jl-2","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4063912","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4063912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:24939993","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24939993","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"Introductory Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4063912","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4063912","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Genetics","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G839980136","display_name":"Genes Underlying Reproductive Behavior and Physiology","funder_award_id":"R01GM073039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1528855089","https://openalex.org/W1990335021","https://openalex.org/W2021230641","https://openalex.org/W2068771737","https://openalex.org/W2071735975","https://openalex.org/W2105447386","https://openalex.org/W2107160388","https://openalex.org/W2118010585","https://openalex.org/W2130479481","https://openalex.org/W2132928157","https://openalex.org/W2152094824","https://openalex.org/W2155546117","https://openalex.org/W2159410270","https://openalex.org/W2169580261","https://openalex.org/W4246369420"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2737504985","https://openalex.org/W4251810565","https://openalex.org/W2942197624","https://openalex.org/W182969910","https://openalex.org/W4240218362","https://openalex.org/W2584188394","https://openalex.org/W2500893317","https://openalex.org/W2398019023","https://openalex.org/W7037901909","https://openalex.org/W4232720891"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,445,512,567,1485],"this":[1,18,657,723,1471,1510,1577,1648],"commentary,":[2],"Michelle":[3],"Arbeitman":[4],"et":[5,313,321,382,396,520,590,774,871,1361,1451,1503],"al.,":[6],"examine":[7,327],"the":[8,11,40,66,82,101,125,176,186,190,197,206,253,264,298,302,330,341,355,363,386,454,461,467,480,499,513,529,555,564,594,600,613,642,652,687,702,709,713,718,733,778,786,800,808,812,834,838,851,863,889,898,905,957,967,996,1038,1052,1055,1095,1129,1178,1223,1240,1279,1331,1338,1365,1371,1392,1408,1447,1455,1460,1475,1487,1542,1611,1626,1639,1682],"topic":[9],"of":[10,13,21,31,35,70,91,127,155,192,199,202,209,226,234,269,278,291,300,332,344,358,365,390,403,463,470,482,489,531,546,597,615,637,686,701,708,783,811,866,921,998,1007,1054,1076,1131,1218,1242,1266,1272,1281,1337,1370,1391,1407,1446,1462,1474,1478,1544,1573,1587,1604,1625,1660,1684],"Genetics":[12,34,1683],"Sex":[14,36,120,916,1180,1685],"as":[15,60,112,912,962,1098,1109,1112,1681],"explored":[16],"in":[17,39,55,108,133,139,229,274,281,310,318,329,347,376,378,393,409,418,458,473,501,509,518,586,599,607,656,670,673,681,696,721,748,767,785,798,878,923,1002,1044,1058,1087,1103,1172,1250,1319,1330,1375,1439,1554,1576,1614],"month's":[19],"issues":[20],"GENETICS":[22,282,1671],"and":[23,65,72,84,93,117,144,160,164,195,213,236,255,263,283,316,336,349,351,385,388,411,420,424,430,434,438,442,472,496,503,507,534,552,618,648,691,743,780,842,849,868,887,894,897,900,904,914,925,937,977,988,1032,1048,1068,1071,1082,1135,1154,1196,1225,1229,1285,1344,1350,1395,1417,1429,1457,1519,1530,1548,1566,1595,1633,1665,1672],"G3:":[24,284,1673],"Genes|Genomes|Genetics.":[25,285],"These":[26,50,944],"inaugural":[27,287,1581],"articles":[28,279,288,326],"are":[29,105,122,131,221,272,492,498,526,538,570,823,845,938,1016,1022,1079,1092,1100,1107,1170,1291,1347,1387,1538,1591],"part":[30],"a":[32,230,447,533,703,738,793,828,1142,1253,1465,1495,1560,1570,1601],"joint":[33],"collection":[37,277,1582,1686],"(ongoing)":[38],"GSA":[41],"journals.":[42],"SEX":[43],"differences":[44,51,104,121,142,182,251,328,375,901,945,1043,1234,1438,1617],"affect":[45,1128],"nearly":[46],"every":[47],"biological":[48,147,156,1619],"process.":[49,1579],"may":[52,76],"be":[53,78,975,1236,1598],"seen":[54],"obvious":[56],"morphological":[57],"traits,":[58,194],"such":[59,111,911],"deer":[61],"antlers,":[62],"beetle":[63,1009,1061],"horns,":[64],"sex-specific":[67,193,227,1194,1588],"color":[68],"patterns":[69,1217],"birds":[71],"butterflies.":[73],"Reproductive":[74],"behaviors":[75],"also":[77,106,493,1558,1652],"quite":[79],"different":[80,400,684,858,919,948,1118,1216,1354,1420,1482,1528],"between":[81,252,891,902,1412,1563],"sexes":[83,130,254],"include":[85],"elaborate":[86],"courtship":[87],"displays,":[88],"parental":[89],"care":[90],"progeny,":[92],"aggressive":[94],"or":[95,757,1019,1301],"territorial":[96],"behaviors.":[97],"Beyond":[98],"what":[99,649],"meets":[100],"eye,":[102],"sex":[103,141,181,203,333,345,359,404,476,647,734,968,972,1023,1045,1056,1125,1138,1174,1258,1289,1333,1340,1616,1628],"pervasive":[107],"subcellular":[109],"processes":[110,1280,1441],"meiosis,":[113],"recombination,":[114,1212],"gene":[115,450,560,1148],"expression,":[116],"dosage":[118,200,942],"compensation.":[119,943],"not":[123,1035,1293,1324],"only":[124,243,1066,1584],"domain":[126],"multicellular":[128],"organisms\u2014distinct":[129],"present":[132,452,861,1396],"most":[134],"single-cell":[135],"eukaryotes.":[136],"The":[137,248,286,487,659,706,815,840,1114,1245,1264,1580,1621,1650],"way":[138],"which":[140,242,604,722,791,799,1615],"evolve":[143,983,1122],"contribute":[145],"to":[146,162,223,260,308,361,485,540,554,628,667,698,715,764,825,941,947,956,970,994,1040,1123,1159,1177,1183,1192,1204,1215,1238,1260,1275,1309,1334,1423,1443,1500,1516,1541,1597],"diversity":[148,766],"has":[149,169,641,792],"been":[150,407],"studied":[151,412],"at":[152,340,862,1094,1353,1481,1527],"all":[153,1077],"levels":[154],"organization,":[157],"from":[158,218,266,304,544,882,966,984,1490,1497,1513,1657],"molecules":[159],"cells":[161,392,1493],"populations":[163],"macroevolutionary":[165],"lineages.":[166],"Genetic":[167],"research":[168],"focused":[170],"on":[171,297,373,453,833,857,952,1167,1222,1426,1509,1600,1647],"many":[172,219,582,1533,1592],"questions,":[173],"including":[174],"characterizing":[175],"regulatory":[177],"hierarchies":[178],"that":[179,537,569,631,644,717,754,822,836,982,1011,1015,1026,1086,1117,1121,1169,1206,1269,1288,1367,1382,1398,1419,1435,1532],"specify":[180],"during":[183,927,1313,1356,1459],"development,":[184],"determining":[185],"molecular":[187],"basis":[188,596,782],"for":[189,241,741,1389,1470,1635,1645,1678],"evolution":[191,331,1053],"understanding":[196],"mechanisms":[198,402,1120,1306,1317,1366],"compensation":[201],"chromosomes.":[204,1231],"With":[205],"recent":[207,1552],"advent":[208],"inexpensive":[210],"sequence":[211],"information":[212],"other":[214,325,629,1555],"new":[215,980,1089],"tools,":[216],"geneticists":[217],"disciplines":[220],"able":[222,539],"address":[224,289],"questions":[225,636,1594],"biology":[228,299],"much":[231],"wider":[232],"range":[233,1603],"organisms":[235,525],"gain":[237,1134],"insight":[238],"into":[239],"problems":[240],"theoretical":[244],"models":[245,1203],"previously":[246],"existed.":[247],"fundamental":[249,1437],"genetic":[250,267,401,542,595,765,779,1220],"how":[256,1042,1326],"they":[257,1099,1557],"arise":[258],"continue":[259],"fascinate":[261],"biologists,":[262],"results":[265],"explorations":[268],"these":[270,292,490,1233,1436],"topics":[271],"featured":[273],"an":[275,928],"ongoing":[276],"published":[280],"some":[290,1585],"topics.":[293,1605],"Two":[294,324],"studies":[295,371],"focus":[296,372],"reproduction:":[301],"transition":[303,653],"predominantly":[305,620],"sexual":[306,760],"reproduction":[307],"asexuality":[309,655],"fungi":[311],"(Solieri":[312],"al.":[314,322,383,397,521,591,775,872,1362,1452,1504],"2014)":[315,384],"self-incompatibility":[317,573,784,795,895],"plants":[319,568],"(Leducq":[320],"2014).":[323,398],"chromosomes:":[334],"Blackmon":[335,987,1081],"Demuth":[337,989,1083],"(2014)":[338,353,592,776,873,990,1084,1156,1363,1453,1505],"look":[339],"evolutionary":[342,781],"turnover":[343,1001],"chromosomes":[346,360,465,484,917,973,1057,1091,1106,1181,1273,1290],"beetles":[348],"Kirkpatrick":[350,1153],"Guerrero":[352,1155],"use":[354,1157],"recombining":[356,1143,1257],"region":[357,1144,1151],"measure":[362],"strength":[364,1241],"sexually":[366],"antagonistic":[367],"selection.":[368,1163,1244],"Finally,":[369,1670],"two":[370,547,692,1059],"gametogenesis\u2014sex":[374],"meiosis":[377,1267,1327,1352],"Caenorhabditis":[379],"elegans":[380,475,1377],"(Checchi":[381],"specification":[387,1515],"development":[389],"germinal":[391,1518],"maize":[394,1463],"(Zhang":[395],"Many":[399,1137],"determination":[405,672],"have":[406,1012,1065,1141,1307],"discovered":[408],"nature":[410],"deeply,":[413],"using":[414],"molecular-genetic":[415],"tools":[416],"(reviewed":[417,517,585],"Cline":[419],"Meyer":[421],"1996;":[422],"Marin":[423],"Baker":[425],"1998;":[426],"Zarkower":[427,439],"2001;":[428],"Williams":[429],"Carroll":[431],"2009;":[432],"Charlesworth":[433,1677],"Mank":[435],"2010;":[436],"Gamble":[437],"2012;":[440],"Hughes":[441],"Rozen":[443],"2012).":[444],"humans,":[446],"dominant":[448],"male-determining":[449],"is":[451,466,477,611,625,679,805,1323,1328],"Y":[455,999,1090,1105,1132,1226],"chromosome,":[456],"whereas":[457,1102],"Drosophila":[459,1627],"melanogaster":[460],"dose":[462],"X":[464,483,1224,1373,1394,1448],"primary":[468],"determinate":[469],"sex,":[471],"C.":[474,1376],"determined":[478,806],"by":[479,528,563,807],"ratio":[481],"autosomes.":[486,986],"outcomes":[488],"pathways":[491],"different:":[494],"males":[495,506,924,1014,1378],"females":[497,926],"result":[500],"humans":[502],"D.":[504],"melanogastervs.":[505],"hermaphrodites":[508],"C":[510],"elegans.":[511],"yeast":[514,601,675,724],"Saccharomyces":[515],"cerevisiae":[516],"Ni":[519],"2011)":[522],"diploid":[523,809],"a/\u03b1":[524],"derived":[527],"fusion":[530],"opposite-sex,":[532],"\u03b1":[535,688],"haploids":[536],"switch":[541,1496],"material":[543],"one":[545,699,1173],"silent":[548],"mating-type":[549,671,689,704,752],"loci":[550,575],"(HMR":[551],"HML)":[553],"active":[556],"MAT":[557],"locus":[558,690,865],"through":[559,1278,1494],"conversion":[561],"initiated":[562],"HO":[565,693],"endonuclease.":[566],"obligate":[571],"outcrossers,":[572],"(SI)":[574],"prevent":[576,759],"productive":[577],"self-fertilization,":[578],"thereby":[579,762],"effectively":[580],"creating":[581],"mating":[583,598,768],"types":[584],"Barrett":[587],"2002).":[588],"Solieri":[589],"examined":[593,1364,1454,1506],"Zygosaccharomyces":[602,771],"sapae,":[603],"typically":[605,817],"lives":[606],"osmotically":[608],"stressful":[609,719],"environments,":[610],"often":[612,846,939],"cause":[614],"food":[616],"spoilage":[617],"displays":[619],"clonal":[621],"reproduction.":[622],"Z.":[623,639,660],"sapae":[624,640,661],"closely":[626],"related":[627,674,909],"species":[630,1010,1078],"reproduce":[632],"sexually,":[633],"leaving":[634],"open":[635],"whether":[638],"genes":[643,665,844,954,964,1421,1534],"normally":[645,725],"determine":[646],"factors":[650],"promoted":[651],"toward":[654],"lineage.":[658],"genome":[662,730,746],"indeed":[663],"contains":[664],"homologous":[666,1294],"those":[668],"involved":[669],"species,":[676],"but":[677,907,1175],"it":[678,1322],"unusual":[680],"containing":[682],"three":[683],"versions":[685],"endonuclease":[694],"genes,":[695],"addition":[697],"version":[700],"locus.":[705,853],"identification":[707],"a\u03b1\u03b1\u03b1":[710],"genotype":[711,810],"leads":[712],"authors":[714,1039,1115,1246,1622,1651],"propose":[716,1116],"conditions":[720],"finds":[726],"itself":[727],"could":[728,755,1400],"promote":[729],"instability,":[731],"with":[732,827,979,1145,1210,1255,1535,1551],"chromosome":[735,969,1000,1024,1046,1126,1133,1139,1282,1374],"perhaps":[736],"being":[737,860],"hot":[739],"spot":[740],"recombination":[742,934,1050],"mutation.":[744],"This":[745,1199,1606],"instability":[747],"turn":[749],"would":[750],"produce":[751],"imbalances":[753],"disfavor":[756],"entirely":[758],"reproduction,":[761],"contributing":[763],"strategy":[769],"among":[770],"yeasts.":[772],"Leducq":[773,870],"investigated":[777],"plant":[787,1254],"tribe":[788],"Biscutelleae":[789],"(Brassicaceae),":[790],"sporophytic":[794],"system":[796,1467],"(SSI)":[797],"pollen":[801,816,867],"(male":[802],"gamete)":[803],"phenotype":[804],"paternal":[813],"plant.":[814],"expresses":[818],"cysteine-rich":[819],"proteins":[820],"(SCR)":[821],"thought":[824],"interact":[826],"transmembrane":[829],"receptor":[830],"(SRK)":[831],"produced":[832],"pistil":[835],"receives":[837],"pollen.":[839],"SCR":[841],"SRK":[843],"genetically":[847],"linked":[848],"called":[850],"S":[852,864],"Successful":[854],"fertilization":[855],"depends":[856],"alleles":[859,1168,1187],"pistils.":[869],"characterized":[874],"SRK-like":[875],"(SRKL)":[876],"sequences":[877,893],"Biscutella":[879,903],"neustriaca":[880],"individuals":[881],"eight":[883],"phenotypic":[884],"incompatibility":[885],"groups":[886],"discuss":[888],"association":[890],"SRKL":[892],"phenotypes":[896],"similarities":[899],"better-studied":[906],"distantly":[908],"Brassicaceae":[910],"Brassica":[913],"Arabidopsis.":[915],"spend":[918],"amounts":[920],"time":[922],"organism\u2019s":[929],"evolution,":[930],"usually":[931],"experience":[932],"less":[933],"than":[935,1188],"autosomes,":[936,971,1189],"subject":[940],"lead":[946,1214],"selective":[949],"pressures":[950],"acting":[951],"sex-linked":[953],"compared":[955],"autosomal":[958,1427],"ones.":[959],"Taken":[960],"further,":[961],"essential":[963],"move":[965],"can":[974,1235],"lost":[976],"replaced":[978],"ones":[981],"ancestral":[985],"used":[991,1237],"phylogenetic":[992],"analysis":[993],"reveal":[995],"tempo":[997,1130],"Coleoptera.":[1003],"They":[1004,1380,1414,1433,1523],"analyzed":[1005],"karyotypes":[1006],"4724":[1008],"heterogametic":[1013,1320],"XY,":[1017],"XO,":[1018],"Xy+.":[1020],"Xy+":[1021],"bivalents":[1025],"display":[1027],"distance":[1028],"pairing":[1029,1047],"(no":[1030],"synapsis)":[1031],"thus":[1033],"do":[1034],"recombine,":[1036],"allowing":[1037],"distinguish":[1041],"meiotic":[1049,1119,1440,1536],"influence":[1051,1618],"major":[1060,1571],"lineages,":[1062],"Adephaga":[1063],"(which":[1064],"XY":[1067],"XO":[1069],"species),":[1070],"Polyphaga":[1072,1104],"(where":[1073],"over":[1074,1638],"half":[1075],"Xy+).":[1080],"find":[1085,1559],"Adephaga,":[1088],"evolving":[1093],"same":[1096],"rate":[1097],"lost,":[1101],"twice":[1108],"readily":[1110],"gained":[1111],"lost.":[1113],"ensure":[1124,1310,1335,1368],"segregation":[1127,1312,1336,1369,1390],"loss.":[1136],"pairs":[1140],"largely":[1146],"similar":[1147],"content":[1149],"[pseudoautosomal":[1150],"(PAR)].":[1152],"PAR":[1158],"study":[1160,1200,1472],"sex-antagonistic":[1161],"(SA)":[1162],"SA":[1164,1186,1207,1243],"selection":[1165],"acts":[1166],"beneficial":[1171],"detrimental":[1176],"other.":[1179],"tend":[1182],"bear":[1184],"more":[1185],"presumably":[1190],"due":[1191],"their":[1193,1248,1262,1296,1311,1357,1630,1654],"inheritance":[1195],"limited":[1197,1211],"recombination.":[1198,1286],"uses":[1201],"coalescent":[1202],"show":[1205,1418,1531],"selection,":[1208],"together":[1209],"should":[1213],"neutral":[1219],"variation":[1221],"(or":[1227],"Z":[1228],"W)":[1230],"Importantly,":[1232],"quantify":[1239],"test":[1247],"model":[1249,1466],"Silene":[1251],"latifolia,":[1252],"young":[1256],"chromosomes,":[1259],"illustrate":[1261],"approach.":[1263],"process":[1265],"ensures":[1268],"haploid":[1270],"complements":[1271],"segregate":[1274],"each":[1276],"gamete":[1277],"pairing,":[1283],"synapsis,":[1284],"Given":[1287],"either":[1292],"along":[1295],"entire":[1297],"length":[1298],"(XY,":[1299],"ZW)":[1300],"hemizygous":[1302,1332,1372,1393],"(XO,":[1303],"ZO),":[1304],"additional":[1305],"evolved":[1308,1442],"meiosis.":[1314,1501,1549],"While":[1315],"homology-dependent":[1316],"function":[1318,1422],"organisms,":[1321],"known":[1325],"altered":[1329],"single":[1339],"chromosome.":[1341,1449],"Furthermore,":[1342],"male":[1343],"female":[1345],"gametes":[1346],"morphologically":[1348],"distinct":[1349],"undergo":[1351],"times":[1355],"developmental":[1358,1483,1511,1578],"trajectories.":[1359],"Checchi":[1360],"(XO).":[1379],"demonstrate":[1381],"double-strand":[1383],"DNA":[1384],"breaks":[1385],"(DSB)":[1386],"important":[1388],"evidence":[1397],"DSBs":[1399],"mediate":[1401],"sister":[1402],"chromatid":[1403],"synapsis":[1404,1428],"(pseudosynapsis),":[1405],"instead":[1406],"typical":[1409],"synapses":[1410],"formed":[1411],"homologs.":[1413],"go":[1415],"further":[1416],"provide":[1424],"feedback":[1425],"DSB":[1430],"repair":[1431],"pathways.":[1432],"posit":[1434],"accommodate":[1444],"hemizygosity":[1445],"Zhang":[1450,1502],"transcriptomes":[1456],"proteomes":[1458],"differentiation":[1461,1547],"anthers,":[1464],"well":[1468],"suited":[1469],"because":[1473],"relative":[1476],"ease":[1477],"collecting":[1479],"tissues":[1480],"stages.":[1484],"angiosperms,":[1486],"germline":[1488],"arises":[1489],"somatic":[1491,1520],"flower":[1492],"mitotic":[1498],"proliferation":[1499],"several":[1507],"stages":[1508,1529],"trajectory,":[1512],"initial":[1514],"final":[1517],"cell":[1521,1546],"differentiation.":[1522],"describe":[1524],"transcriptome":[1525],"composition":[1526],"functions":[1537],"expressed":[1539],"prior":[1540],"onset":[1543],"germ":[1545],"Consistent":[1550],"findings":[1553],"systems,":[1556],"low":[1561],"correlation":[1562],"transcript":[1564],"abundance":[1565],"protein":[1567],"abundance,":[1568],"suggesting":[1569],"role":[1572],"post-transcriptional":[1574],"regulation":[1575],"highlights":[1583],"areas":[1586],"biology;":[1589],"there":[1590],"remaining":[1593],"discoveries":[1596],"made":[1599],"broad":[1602],"growing":[1607],"resource":[1608],"will":[1609],"illuminate":[1610],"myriad":[1612],"ways":[1613],"processes.":[1620],"thank":[1623,1675],"participants":[1624],"workshop,":[1629],"laboratory":[1631],"members":[1632],"colleagues":[1634],"intellectual":[1636],"input":[1637],"years.":[1640],"MNA":[1641],"thanks":[1642],"O.":[1643],"Aparicio":[1644],"comments":[1646],"perspective.":[1649],"acknowledge":[1653],"grant":[1655],"support":[1656],"National":[1658,1662],"Institutes":[1659],"Health,":[1661],"Science":[1663,1668],"Foundation,":[1664],"US-Israel":[1666],"Binational":[1667],"Foundation.":[1669],"Genes|Genomes|Genetics":[1674],"Deborah":[1676],"her":[1679],"service":[1680],"editor.":[1687]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}