{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138668121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","title":"Progress in Antisense Technology","display_name":"Progress in Antisense Technology","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138668121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","mag":"2138668121","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16909082","display_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","issn_l":"0066-4219","issn":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"review","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077755519","display_name":"Stanley T. Crooke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-1520","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-1520"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800035258","display_name":"Ionis Pharmaceuticals (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00t8bew53","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800035258"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stanley T. Crooke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008;","Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA. scrooke@isisph.com"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008;","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800035258"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Isis Pharmaceuticals, 2292 Faraday Avenue, Carlsbad, California 92008, USA. scrooke@isisph.com","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800035258"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077755519"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800035258"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0878,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":422,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94718865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"55","issue":"1","first_page":"61","last_page":"95"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10725","display_name":"RNA Interference and Gene Delivery","score":0.8589000105857849,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10432","display_name":"DNA and Nucleic Acid Chemistry","score":0.12489999830722809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10604","display_name":"RNA Research and Splicing","score":0.00570000009611249,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antisense-technology","display_name":"antisense technology","score":0.8069999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oligonucleotide-analogs","display_name":"oligonucleotide analogues","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-hybridization","display_name":"RNA hybridization","score":0.8090000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-degradation","display_name":"RNA degradation","score":0.9629999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rna-splicing","display_name":"RNA splicing","score":0.7049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antisense-drug-development","display_name":"antisense drug development","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"pharmacokinetics","score":0.8330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxicity","display_name":"toxicity","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/target-validation","display_name":"target validation","score":0.7310000061988831}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202416437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q423832","display_name":"Antisense RNA","level":4,"score":0.661304771900177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908938912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4067124","display_name":"Antisense therapy","level":5,"score":0.5751133561134338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54458228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q237218","display_name":"RNA splicing","level":4,"score":0.4967535138130188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67705224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11053","display_name":"RNA","level":3,"score":0.492074191570282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129312508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133686","display_name":"Oligonucleotide","level":3,"score":0.48651450872421265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143141573","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7450971","display_name":"Sense (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.46339327096939087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70721500","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177005","display_name":"Computational biology","level":1,"score":0.42439451813697815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74187038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1418791","display_name":"Drug discovery","level":2,"score":0.41645222902297974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.3938489258289337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3830324113368988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.3435114026069641},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.3401985168457031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.21327537298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.2012234926223755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14363569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418639","display_name":"Locked nucleic acid","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016376","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotides, Antisense","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016376","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotides, Antisense","qualifier_ui":"Q000494","qualifier_name":"pharmacology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016376","descriptor_name":"Oligonucleotides, Antisense","qualifier_ui":"Q000737","qualifier_name":"chemistry","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D020811","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.med.55.091902.104408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S16909082","display_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","issn_l":"0066-4219","issn":["0066-4219","1545-326X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-2","medline","norway-1","poland-200","russia-white-list-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320373","host_organization_name":"Annual Reviews","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320373"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Annual Reviews"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual Review of Medicine","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:14746510","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14746510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual review of medicine","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":243,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W70351726","https://openalex.org/W92700363","https://openalex.org/W135934099","https://openalex.org/W144603339","https://openalex.org/W169055467","https://openalex.org/W190613024","https://openalex.org/W222624885","https://openalex.org/W348058524","https://openalex.org/W566149800","https://openalex.org/W595075596","https://openalex.org/W1220510741","https://openalex.org/W1240040893","https://openalex.org/W1441718521","https://openalex.org/W1447077155","https://openalex.org/W1461654357","https://openalex.org/W1491852631","https://openalex.org/W1495601921","https://openalex.org/W1512880140","https://openalex.org/W1521307691","https://openalex.org/W1521664811","https://openalex.org/W1546420237","https://openalex.org/W1546496348","https://openalex.org/W1550494424","https://openalex.org/W1551211023","https://openalex.org/W1561651859","https://openalex.org/W1564730852","https://openalex.org/W1583389738","https://openalex.org/W1591140747","https://openalex.org/W1600624961","https://openalex.org/W1603138313","https://openalex.org/W1611419331","https://openalex.org/W1752221293","https://openalex.org/W1774527113","https://openalex.org/W1782602276","https://openalex.org/W1891796305","https://openalex.org/W1901192990","https://openalex.org/W1906502852","https://openalex.org/W1906809867","https://openalex.org/W1908335944","https://openalex.org/W1913999861","https://openalex.org/W1921303079","https://openalex.org/W1921475843","https://openalex.org/W1923104759","https://openalex.org/W1948757571","https://openalex.org/W1956007715","https://openalex.org/W1961577685","https://openalex.org/W1963871104","https://openalex.org/W1964997792","https://openalex.org/W1967114346","https://openalex.org/W1967154926","https://openalex.org/W1969617808","https://openalex.org/W1969818257","https://openalex.org/W1972724663","https://openalex.org/W1973851744","https://openalex.org/W1973964951","https://openalex.org/W1975658214","https://openalex.org/W1975686151","https://openalex.org/W1976446112","https://openalex.org/W1977344910","https://openalex.org/W1977840396","https://openalex.org/W1978099773","https://openalex.org/W1980137542","https://openalex.org/W1981481692","https://openalex.org/W1981851305","https://openalex.org/W1982010715","https://openalex.org/W1982849453","https://openalex.org/W1983188461","https://openalex.org/W1984400882","https://openalex.org/W1986425431","https://openalex.org/W1986616196","https://openalex.org/W1987069778","https://openalex.org/W1988408638","https://openalex.org/W1988582067","https://openalex.org/W1990548509","https://openalex.org/W1994489381","https://openalex.org/W1995484947","https://openalex.org/W1995599027","https://openalex.org/W1996151370","https://openalex.org/W1997750064","https://openalex.org/W2002400264","https://openalex.org/W2003446665","https://openalex.org/W2003598383","https://openalex.org/W2003601107","https://openalex.org/W2003611716","https://openalex.org/W2004878760","https://openalex.org/W2004925323","https://openalex.org/W2009095852","https://openalex.org/W2009593695","https://openalex.org/W2009866838","https://openalex.org/W2010496733","https://openalex.org/W2011684562","https://openalex.org/W2017453248","https://openalex.org/W2019732628","https://openalex.org/W2020678086","https://openalex.org/W2022949306","https://openalex.org/W2023888843","https://openalex.org/W2025338793","https://openalex.org/W2025572379","https://openalex.org/W2025997520","https://openalex.org/W2026211553","https://openalex.org/W2027800795","https://openalex.org/W2028767896","https://openalex.org/W2030799825","https://openalex.org/W2030889696","https://openalex.org/W2033222891","https://openalex.org/W2034487226","https://openalex.org/W2036242475","https://openalex.org/W2036914011","https://openalex.org/W2037604673","https://openalex.org/W2037699615","https://openalex.org/W2037714379","https://openalex.org/W2039534591","https://openalex.org/W2040129193","https://openalex.org/W2040231751","https://openalex.org/W2040743013","https://openalex.org/W2044443446","https://openalex.org/W2045160813","https://openalex.org/W2046075094","https://openalex.org/W2046220821","https://openalex.org/W2047366876","https://openalex.org/W2050014764","https://openalex.org/W2051208286","https://openalex.org/W2052497807","https://openalex.org/W2054757478","https://openalex.org/W2058165751","https://openalex.org/W2061098909","https://openalex.org/W2061272576","https://openalex.org/W2061727101","https://openalex.org/W2063390835","https://openalex.org/W2063915751","https://openalex.org/W2066483059","https://openalex.org/W2067327580","https://openalex.org/W2067388593","https://openalex.org/W2067401769","https://openalex.org/W2068230814","https://openalex.org/W2068611486","https://openalex.org/W2070908207","https://openalex.org/W2071230707","https://openalex.org/W2072886739","https://openalex.org/W2073069381","https://openalex.org/W2073777363","https://openalex.org/W2077603372","https://openalex.org/W2078335607","https://openalex.org/W2079242913","https://openalex.org/W2079803201","https://openalex.org/W2080332253","https://openalex.org/W2084285144","https://openalex.org/W2084426324","https://openalex.org/W2084851425","https://openalex.org/W2085069351","https://openalex.org/W2086299962","https://openalex.org/W2088348110","https://openalex.org/W2089862236","https://openalex.org/W2090183104","https://openalex.org/W2091128862","https://openalex.org/W2094135419","https://openalex.org/W2095703410","https://openalex.org/W2096739990","https://openalex.org/W2097092276","https://openalex.org/W2103924912","https://openalex.org/W2107634357","https://openalex.org/W2110589332","https://openalex.org/W2115346844","https://openalex.org/W2115678473","https://openalex.org/W2116373551","https://openalex.org/W2117984921","https://openalex.org/W2118270653","https://openalex.org/W2123087552","https://openalex.org/W2128378766","https://openalex.org/W2128491398","https://openalex.org/W2131750598","https://openalex.org/W2132569659","https://openalex.org/W2136447541","https://openalex.org/W2138961155","https://openalex.org/W2140461474","https://openalex.org/W2142396138","https://openalex.org/W2143450436","https://openalex.org/W2144941885","https://openalex.org/W2145464179","https://openalex.org/W2146354013","https://openalex.org/W2147215744","https://openalex.org/W2152846925","https://openalex.org/W2152855538","https://openalex.org/W2153519969","https://openalex.org/W2155320970","https://openalex.org/W2155463132","https://openalex.org/W2157888763","https://openalex.org/W2164691719","https://openalex.org/W2166497605","https://openalex.org/W2166903671","https://openalex.org/W2169744965","https://openalex.org/W2173331862","https://openalex.org/W2174246843","https://openalex.org/W2177202200","https://openalex.org/W2177412723","https://openalex.org/W2180191687","https://openalex.org/W2187213934","https://openalex.org/W2188749901","https://openalex.org/W2189710711","https://openalex.org/W2229138924","https://openalex.org/W2248643920","https://openalex.org/W2255911290","https://openalex.org/W2256810516","https://openalex.org/W2260665813","https://openalex.org/W2270299703","https://openalex.org/W2273900373","https://openalex.org/W2290539832","https://openalex.org/W2295772835","https://openalex.org/W2301210308","https://openalex.org/W2309961304","https://openalex.org/W2317533048","https://openalex.org/W2322254770","https://openalex.org/W2328348387","https://openalex.org/W2402551541","https://openalex.org/W2403821560","https://openalex.org/W2407352697","https://openalex.org/W2407909091","https://openalex.org/W2408683720","https://openalex.org/W2409429242","https://openalex.org/W2410609374","https://openalex.org/W2412570527","https://openalex.org/W2462369483","https://openalex.org/W2469468905","https://openalex.org/W2470555411","https://openalex.org/W2480034977","https://openalex.org/W2480154911","https://openalex.org/W2483225961","https://openalex.org/W2485961180","https://openalex.org/W2486607869","https://openalex.org/W2486742392","https://openalex.org/W2491086759","https://openalex.org/W2502205510","https://openalex.org/W2504464653","https://openalex.org/W2883903927","https://openalex.org/W2908840064","https://openalex.org/W2952072088","https://openalex.org/W4205218029","https://openalex.org/W4210977223","https://openalex.org/W4246675607","https://openalex.org/W4247981327","https://openalex.org/W4256236982","https://openalex.org/W4256412995","https://openalex.org/W7096831481"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4248533072","https://openalex.org/W205652099","https://openalex.org/W2051192216","https://openalex.org/W2496954959","https://openalex.org/W1493046933","https://openalex.org/W1906181797","https://openalex.org/W1978412576","https://openalex.org/W2135566609","https://openalex.org/W2119171285","https://openalex.org/W3137153690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Antisense":[0,28,61],"technology":[1,62],"exploits":[2],"oligonucleotide":[3],"analogs":[4],"to":[5,7],"bind":[6],"target":[8,26,70],"RNAs":[9],"via":[10],"Watson-Crick":[11],"hybridization.":[12],"Once":[13],"bound,":[14],"the":[15,22,25,35,43,48,52,94],"antisense":[16,59,80,88],"agent":[17],"either":[18],"disables":[19],"or":[20],"induces":[21],"degradation":[23],"of":[24,46,58,96,100],"RNA.":[27],"agents":[29],"can":[30],"also":[31],"alter":[32],"splicing.":[33],"During":[34],"past":[36],"decade,":[37],"much":[38],"has":[39,63],"been":[40],"learned":[41],"about":[42],"basic":[44],"mechanisms":[45],"antisense,":[47],"medicinal":[49],"chemistry,":[50],"and":[51,55,69,77],"pharmacologic,":[53],"pharmacokinetic,":[54],"toxicologic":[56],"properties":[57],"molecules.":[60],"proven":[64],"valuable":[65],"in":[66,82,93],"gene":[67],"functionalization":[68],"validation.":[71],"With":[72],"one":[73],"drug":[74],"marketed,":[75],"Vitravenetm,":[76],"approximately":[78],"20":[79],"drugs":[81,89],"clinical":[83],"development,":[84],"it":[85],"appears":[86],"that":[87],"may":[90],"prove":[91],"important":[92],"treatment":[95],"a":[97],"wide":[98],"range":[99],"diseases.":[101]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":32}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}