{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138573238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","title":"Diffuse Background Radiation","display_name":"Diffuse Background Radiation","publication_year":1999,"publication_date":"1999-05-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138573238","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","mag":"2138573238"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/312003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/312003/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/312003/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard C. Henry","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Richard C. Henry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Henry A. Rowland Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Astrophysical Sciences, Henry A. Rowland Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218-2686","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"],"apc_list":{"value":4499,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4499},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6675,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7639637,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"516","issue":"2","first_page":"L49","last_page":"L52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.4000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.4000999927520752,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10026","display_name":"Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena","score":0.3285999894142151,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.05550000071525574,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-background","display_name":"cosmic background","score":0.4790000021457672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultraviolet-background","display_name":"ultraviolet background","score":0.7250000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-background","display_name":"optical background","score":0.5720000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/infrared-background","display_name":"infrared background","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gamma-ray-background","display_name":"gamma-ray background","score":0.996999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upper-limits","display_name":"upper limits","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.9402999877929688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187970030","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1185086","display_name":"Background radiation","level":3,"score":0.8652999997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777119676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345176","display_name":"X-ray background","level":4,"score":0.7926999926567078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33024259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76250","display_name":"Redshift","level":3,"score":0.6194000244140625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153385146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18335","display_name":"Radiation","level":2,"score":0.6116999983787537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62796785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12902765","display_name":"Cosmic background radiation","level":4,"score":0.6003000140190125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.5827999711036682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5411999821662903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4839761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212111","display_name":"Spectral line","level":2,"score":0.5002999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.4970000088214874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59375849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5013513","display_name":"COSMIC cancer database","level":2,"score":0.4041000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778336740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647084","display_name":"Extragalactic background light","level":4,"score":0.4032000005245209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60318249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5174142","display_name":"Cosmic infrared background","level":4,"score":0.39719998836517334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.38420000672340393},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56764","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998314","display_name":"Observational cosmology","level":4,"score":0.3549000024795532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149773537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12969754","display_name":"Electromagnetic radiation","level":2,"score":0.353300005197525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104663316","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76299","display_name":"Visible spectrum","level":2,"score":0.34060001373291016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207297109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15605","display_name":"Cosmic microwave background","level":3,"score":0.3296999931335449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157909335","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900097","display_name":"Black-body radiation","level":3,"score":0.32850000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.32109999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143715953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q332107","display_name":"Transition radiation","level":3,"score":0.299699991941452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C559924203","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1413491","display_name":"Ultraviolet astronomy","level":4,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151201525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177239","display_name":"Limit (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2705000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183680338","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736634","display_name":"Particle detector","level":3,"score":0.26980000734329224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26405456","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q338","display_name":"Cosmology","level":2,"score":0.2621999979019165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188198153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1613840","display_name":"Limiting","level":2,"score":0.259799987077713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158355884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11388","display_name":"Infrared","level":2,"score":0.25270000100135803}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1086/312003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/312003/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:astro-ph/9903294","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9903294","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/9903294","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.626.7118","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.626.7118","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://henry.pha.jhu.edu/henrydir/pubspdfdir/apj_516_l49_1999.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cds.cern.ch:382218","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://cds.cern.ch/record/382218","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402195","display_name":"CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","host_organization_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":null},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9903294","doi":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9903294","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.astro-ph/9903294","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1086/312003","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1086/312003","pdf_url":"https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/312003/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1980519","display_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","issn_l":"0004-637X","issn":["0004-637X","1538-4357"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-a","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-2","oarl","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Astrophysical Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138573238.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138573238.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1626044688","https://openalex.org/W1977679188","https://openalex.org/W1983463661","https://openalex.org/W2017396100","https://openalex.org/W2029634216","https://openalex.org/W2053591448","https://openalex.org/W2056159802","https://openalex.org/W2061468286","https://openalex.org/W2067345672","https://openalex.org/W2067461475","https://openalex.org/W2068439849","https://openalex.org/W2069381753","https://openalex.org/W2074377612","https://openalex.org/W2078849275","https://openalex.org/W2079724444","https://openalex.org/W2087860870","https://openalex.org/W2104879350","https://openalex.org/W2125142421","https://openalex.org/W2155822620","https://openalex.org/W2277481763","https://openalex.org/W3007754162","https://openalex.org/W3023717689"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097899866","https://openalex.org/W302541103","https://openalex.org/W3097857465","https://openalex.org/W7097862726","https://openalex.org/W1969573927","https://openalex.org/W2269231980","https://openalex.org/W1657840178","https://openalex.org/W2991144619","https://openalex.org/W139536176","https://openalex.org/W1662022745"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"new":[1,42,70],"determination":[2],"of":[3,16,32,72,77],"the":[4,8,30,37,75],"upper":[5],"limit":[6],"to":[7,60],"cosmic":[9],"diffuse":[10,33,55],"background":[11,34,48],"radiation,":[12],"at":[13],"~110":[14],"nm,":[15],"300":[17],"photons":[18],"s":[19],"-1":[20,24,26],"cm":[21],"-2":[22],"sr":[23],"nm":[25],"is":[27,58,66,79],"placed":[28],"in":[29],"context":[31],"measurements":[35],"across":[36],"entire":[38],"electromagnetic":[39],"spectrum,":[40],"including":[41],"optical,":[43],"infrared,":[44],"visible,":[45],"and":[46],"gamma-ray":[47],"measurements.":[49],"The":[50],"possibility":[51],"that":[52],"observed":[53],"excess":[54],"visible":[56],"radiation":[57,65],"due":[59],"redshifted":[61],"cosmological":[62],"Ly\u03b1":[63],"recombination":[64],"explored.":[67],"Also,":[68],"a":[69],"standard":[71],"units":[73],"for":[74],"display":[76],"spectra":[78],"advocated.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}