{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138440073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","title":"Critical Roles of Clostridium difficile Toxin B Enzymatic Activities in Pathogenesis","display_name":"Critical Roles of Clostridium difficile Toxin B Enzymatic Activities in Pathogenesis","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138440073","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","mag":"2138440073","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25404023","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4294253"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/iai.02316-14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","pdf_url":"https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/83/2/502.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128227336","display_name":"Infection and Immunity","issn_l":"0019-9567","issn":["0019-9567","1070-6313","1098-5522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infection and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/83/2/502.full.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100655194","display_name":"Shan Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-0872","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5211-0872"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shan Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029272319","display_name":"Lianfa Shi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lianfa Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038427328","display_name":"Zhiyong Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-6224","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0589-6224"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhiyong Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019190652","display_name":"Yongrong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-4232","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8594-4232"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongrong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024257420","display_name":"Gregorio P\u00e9rez\u2010Cord\u00f3n","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-3852","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2295-3852"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gregorio Perez-Cordon","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108576105","display_name":"Tuxiong Huang","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tuxiong Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054635697","display_name":"Jeremy P. Ramsey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jeremy Ramsey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043097202","display_name":"Numan Oezguen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-2382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3175-2382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Numan Oezguen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044356368","display_name":"Tor Savidge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5716-5357","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5716-5357"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181547552","display_name":"Baylor College of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/02pttbw34","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181547552","https://openalex.org/I2801539370"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tor C. Savidge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Texas Children's Microbiome Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181547552"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068598326","display_name":"Hanping Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-1812","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8685-1812"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126744593","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore","ror":"https://ror.org/04rq5mt64","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanping Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126744593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":35,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91636967,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"83","issue":"2","first_page":"502","last_page":"513"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11288","display_name":"Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12477","display_name":"Toxin Mechanisms and Immunotoxins","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2403","display_name":"Immunology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/24","display_name":"Immunology and Microbiology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10943","display_name":"Escherichia coli research studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1310","display_name":"Endocrinology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clostridioides-difficile","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","score":0.9610000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/toxin-b","display_name":"toxin B","score":0.8939999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tcdb","display_name":"TcdB","score":0.8740000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/glucosyltransferase","display_name":"glucosyltransferase","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cysteine-protease","display_name":"cysteine protease","score":0.9919999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrabodies","display_name":"intrabodies","score":0.6890000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytopathic-effect","display_name":"cytopathic effect","score":0.7369999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colitis","display_name":"colitis","score":0.6539999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systemic-toxicity","display_name":"systemic toxicity","score":0.847000002861023}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777858569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5572361","display_name":"Glucosyltransferase","level":3,"score":0.7739672064781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134193097","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135489","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin B","level":5,"score":0.6450181603431702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.6398560404777527},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777283782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419343","display_name":"Cysteine protease","level":4,"score":0.6349830627441406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777265534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14916427","display_name":"Furin","level":3,"score":0.5691918730735779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776714187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212410","display_name":"Protease","level":3,"score":0.5584269165992737},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97505648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135488","display_name":"Clostridium difficile toxin A","level":4,"score":0.5330812931060791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182220744","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251226","display_name":"Proteases","level":3,"score":0.4664057791233063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.38108572363853455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181199279","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8047","display_name":"Enzyme","level":2,"score":0.3498760759830475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89423630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7193","display_name":"Microbiology","level":1,"score":0.3232426047325134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994496256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27031090","display_name":"Clostridium difficile","level":3,"score":0.32009464502334595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C501593827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12187","display_name":"Antibiotics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000595","descriptor_name":"Amino Acid Sequence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001426","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Proteins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001427","descriptor_name":"Bacterial Toxins","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002460","descriptor_name":"Cell Line","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002522","descriptor_name":"Chlorocebus aethiops","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004761","descriptor_name":"Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous","qualifier_ui":"Q000382","qualifier_name":"microbiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005964","descriptor_name":"Glucosyltransferases","qualifier_ui":"Q000037","qualifier_name":"antagonists & inhibitors","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005964","descriptor_name":"Glucosyltransferases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007143","descriptor_name":"Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014709","descriptor_name":"Vero Cells","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015853","descriptor_name":"Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000201","qualifier_name":"enzymology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016360","descriptor_name":"Clostridioides difficile","qualifier_ui":"Q000472","qualifier_name":"pathogenicity","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017434","descriptor_name":"Protein Structure, Tertiary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D037521","descriptor_name":"Virulence Factors","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D051379","descriptor_name":"Mice","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057056","descriptor_name":"Cysteine Proteases","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D061905","descriptor_name":"Single-Domain Antibodies","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1128/iai.02316-14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","pdf_url":"https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/83/2/502.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128227336","display_name":"Infection and Immunity","issn_l":"0019-9567","issn":["0019-9567","1070-6313","1098-5522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infection and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4294253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4294253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infect Immun","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmid:25404023","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25404023","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infection and immunity","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1128/iai.02316-14","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1128/iai.02316-14","pdf_url":"https://iai.asm.org/content/iai/83/2/502.full.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S128227336","display_name":"Infection and Immunity","issn_l":"0019-9567","issn":["0019-9567","1070-6313","1098-5522"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320263","host_organization_name":"American Society for Microbiology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320263"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Society for Microbiology"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Infection and Immunity","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8199999928474426,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G200356287","display_name":"Toxemia and systemic disease in Clostridium difficile infection","funder_award_id":"R56AI099458","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2990970294","display_name":"Epithelium, dendritic cells, and Clostridium difficile associated colitis","funder_award_id":"R01DK084509","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4937307910","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-DK56338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5763137622","display_name":"Metabolome-Based Biomarkers and Neutraceuticals in Clostridium Difficile Infection","funder_award_id":"R21DK096323","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6209706364","display_name":"New England Regional Center of Excellence in Biodefense and Emerging Infectious D","funder_award_id":"U54AI057159","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7320980251","display_name":"Development of Vaccines against Clostridium difficile Infection","funder_award_id":"R01AI088748","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G761247846","display_name":"Immunoprophylactic Strategies to Control Emerging Enteric Infections","funder_award_id":"U19AI109776","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G9000893404","display_name":"Texas Medical Center Digestive Diseases Center","funder_award_id":"P30DK056338","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337357","display_name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/00adh9b73"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138440073.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W49499134","https://openalex.org/W68234804","https://openalex.org/W1519478518","https://openalex.org/W1824476851","https://openalex.org/W1965674651","https://openalex.org/W1968953113","https://openalex.org/W1969131984","https://openalex.org/W1976491510","https://openalex.org/W1983962250","https://openalex.org/W1999628378","https://openalex.org/W2001507899","https://openalex.org/W2004885660","https://openalex.org/W2005514553","https://openalex.org/W2006923469","https://openalex.org/W2013723843","https://openalex.org/W2015356544","https://openalex.org/W2019411624","https://openalex.org/W2020368956","https://openalex.org/W2021428820","https://openalex.org/W2022202320","https://openalex.org/W2025024815","https://openalex.org/W2025228828","https://openalex.org/W2034516179","https://openalex.org/W2037021601","https://openalex.org/W2037042031","https://openalex.org/W2051247763","https://openalex.org/W2053241291","https://openalex.org/W2065777365","https://openalex.org/W2068292327","https://openalex.org/W2069011026","https://openalex.org/W2069086884","https://openalex.org/W2070350831","https://openalex.org/W2073509937","https://openalex.org/W2074806196","https://openalex.org/W2078238119","https://openalex.org/W2083381223","https://openalex.org/W2085700440","https://openalex.org/W2087177330","https://openalex.org/W2088836366","https://openalex.org/W2089016579","https://openalex.org/W2095553811","https://openalex.org/W2095619798","https://openalex.org/W2102459023","https://openalex.org/W2104928240","https://openalex.org/W2108162986","https://openalex.org/W2110221742","https://openalex.org/W2111564369","https://openalex.org/W2115583334","https://openalex.org/W2115878336","https://openalex.org/W2127067932","https://openalex.org/W2130675979","https://openalex.org/W2137720465","https://openalex.org/W2140926423","https://openalex.org/W2150545777","https://openalex.org/W2151116384","https://openalex.org/W2156029090","https://openalex.org/W2156408202","https://openalex.org/W2156461439","https://openalex.org/W2161266187","https://openalex.org/W2163193604","https://openalex.org/W2166000633","https://openalex.org/W2408830249"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2074806196","https://openalex.org/W3089224428","https://openalex.org/W2095749748","https://openalex.org/W7100609413","https://openalex.org/W1689165032","https://openalex.org/W2051247763","https://openalex.org/W2944954453","https://openalex.org/W2516931561","https://openalex.org/W7038203809","https://openalex.org/W2156029090"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"TcdB":[0,68,94,110,125,162,193,225],"is":[1,12,218],"one":[2],"of":[3,8,46,64,67,103,124,149,157,161,200,231],"the":[4,44,47,62,121,132,147,155,158,201,229],"key":[5],"virulence":[6],"factors":[7],"Clostridium":[9],"difficile":[10],"that":[11,91,135],"responsible":[13],"for":[14,33,43,131,220,236],"causing":[15],"serious":[16],"and":[17,38,89,97,112,142,224],"potentially":[18],"fatal":[19],"colitis.":[20],"The":[21],"toxin":[22,136,233],"contains":[23],"at":[24],"least":[25],"two":[26,85],"enzymatic":[27,159],"domains:":[28],"an":[29],"effector":[30,48],"glucosyltransferase":[31,98,143,212,234],"domain":[32,42,49],"inactivating":[34],"host":[35,51],"Rho":[36],"GTPases":[37],"a":[39,56,74,168,181],"cysteine":[40,95,140,182,215],"protease":[41,96,141,183,216],"delivery":[45],"into":[50,146],"cytosol.":[52],"Here,":[53],"we":[54,83],"describe":[55],"novel":[57],"intrabody":[58,105,118],"approach":[59],"to":[60,198],"examine":[61],"role":[63,156],"these":[65,177],"enzymes":[66],"in":[69,106,163,164,173,178,189],"cellular":[70,114],"intoxication.":[71],"By":[72],"screening":[73],"single-domain":[75],"heavy":[76],"chain":[77],"(V(H)H)":[78],"library":[79],"raised":[80],"against":[81],"TcdB,":[82],"identified":[84],"V(H)H":[86],"antibodies,":[87],"7F":[88,104],"E3,":[90],"specifically":[92],"inhibit":[93],"activities,":[99],"respectively.":[100],"Cytoplasmic":[101],"expression":[102],"Vero":[107],"cells":[108],"inhibited":[109],"autoprocessing":[111,137],"delayed":[113,187],"intoxication,":[115],"whereas":[116,191],"E3":[117],"completely":[119],"blocked":[120],"cytopathic":[122,222],"effects":[123,223],"holotoxin.":[126],"These":[127],"data":[128],"also":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"first":[133],"time":[134],"occurs":[138],"after":[139],"domains":[144],"translocate":[145],"cytosol":[148],"target":[150],"cells.":[151],"We":[152],"further":[153],"determined":[154],"activities":[160],"vivo":[165],"toxicity":[166,188,196],"using":[167],"sensitive":[169],"systemic":[170,226],"challenge":[171],"model":[172],"mice.":[174],"Consistent":[175],"with":[176],"vitro":[179],"results,":[180],"noncleavable":[184],"mutant,":[185],"TcdB-L543A,":[186],"mice,":[190],"glycosyltransferase-deficient":[192],"demonstrated":[194],"no":[195],"up":[197],"500-fold":[199],"50%":[202],"lethal":[203],"dose":[204],"(LD50)":[205],"when":[206],"it":[207],"was":[208],"injected":[209],"systemically.":[210],"Thus,":[211],"but":[213],"not":[214],"activity":[217,235],"critical":[219],"TcdB-mediated":[221],"toxicity,":[227],"highlighting":[228],"importance":[230],"targeting":[232],"future":[237],"therapy.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}