{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138358657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","title":"The Rise and Decline of the Early HMOs: Some International Experiences","display_name":"The Rise and Decline of the Early HMOs: Some International Experiences","publication_year":1988,"publication_date":"1988-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138358657","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","mag":"2138358657","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3075989"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2307/3349936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105166256","display_name":"Brian Abel\u2010Smith","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I909854389","display_name":"London School of Economics and Political Science","ror":"https://ror.org/0090zs177","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brian Abel-Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["London School of Economics and Political Science,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London School of Economics and Political Science,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5105166256"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I909854389"],"apc_list":{"value":4430,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4430},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3911,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":68,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86392773,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"66","issue":"4","first_page":"694","last_page":"694"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10391","display_name":"Healthcare Policy and Management","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.026599999517202377,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14186","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Practices","score":0.0027000000700354576,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-maintenance-organizations","display_name":"health maintenance organizations","score":0.9940000176429749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history-of-health-insurance","display_name":"history of health insurance","score":0.734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physician-licensure","display_name":"physician licensing","score":0.6819999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-regulation","display_name":"health care regulation","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competition-among-physicians","display_name":"competition among physicians","score":0.5350000262260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/price-discrimination","display_name":"price discrimination","score":0.6029999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/patient-choice-of-physician","display_name":"patient choice of physician","score":0.7429999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/northern-europe","display_name":"Northern Europe","score":0.5019999742507935}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780105190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179366","display_name":"Boycott","level":3,"score":0.8847200274467468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781234862","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6543077","display_name":"Licensure","level":2,"score":0.6923143863677979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778137410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2732820","display_name":"Government (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.6370131373405457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199776023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202875","display_name":"Negotiation","level":2,"score":0.6169660091400146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91306197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45767","display_name":"Competition (biology)","level":2,"score":0.59201580286026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.45024585723876953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145097563","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1148747","display_name":"Payment","level":2,"score":0.44063615798950195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.43655940890312195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.39293429255485535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3833155035972595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3327074944972992},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.3058955669403076},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.2326126992702484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.22563016414642334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.1331784427165985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003256","descriptor_name":"Community Participation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004465","descriptor_name":"Economic Competition","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005060","descriptor_name":"Europe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006279","descriptor_name":"Health Maintenance Organizations","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006279","descriptor_name":"Health Maintenance Organizations","qualifier_ui":"Q000266","qualifier_name":"history","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007343","descriptor_name":"Insurance Carriers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007354","descriptor_name":"Insurance, Major Medical","qualifier_ui":"Q000458","qualifier_name":"organization & administration","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010820","descriptor_name":"Physicians","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012926","descriptor_name":"Social Control, Formal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D049673","descriptor_name":"History, 20th Century","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2307/3349936","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/3349936","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S1650206","display_name":"Milbank Quarterly","issn_l":"0887-378X","issn":["0887-378X","1468-0009"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","fnege-3","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-2","poland-140","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank Quarterly","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:3075989","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3075989","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Milbank quarterly","raw_type":"Comparative Study"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/822690","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/822690","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:77164","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":7,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2014002153","https://openalex.org/W2328011167","https://openalex.org/W2328887522","https://openalex.org/W2416045503","https://openalex.org/W2465920216","https://openalex.org/W2542182931","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2044909690","https://openalex.org/W4256310796","https://openalex.org/W2266090499","https://openalex.org/W2470646835","https://openalex.org/W1976567454","https://openalex.org/W2139747067","https://openalex.org/W2564711855","https://openalex.org/W2091549220","https://openalex.org/W2463374039","https://openalex.org/W2994269589"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Consumer-controlled":[0],"health":[1],"insurance":[2,38],"groups":[3,39],"in":[4,7,19],"northern":[5],"Europe":[6,103],"the":[8,58,98],"late":[9],"nineteenth":[10],"and":[11,40,50,94],"early":[12],"twentieth":[13],"centuries":[14],"resembled":[15],"modern":[16],"American":[17,92],"HMOs":[18],"many":[20],"ways.":[21],"Fierceness":[22],"of":[23,29,47,88],"competition":[24],"hindered":[25],"European":[26],"doctors'":[27],"control":[28],"their":[30,43,62],"own":[31,63],"services,":[32],"prompting":[33],"them":[34],"to":[35,41,60,68],"organize":[36],"physician-dominated":[37],"extend":[42],"power":[44],"through":[45],"means":[46],"licensure,":[48],"boycott,":[49],"supportive":[51],"government":[52],"regulation.":[53],"While":[54],"patients":[55],"thus":[56],"gained":[57],"right":[59],"choose":[61],"doctor,":[64],"physicians":[65],"were":[66],"able":[67],"negotiate":[69],"more":[70,85],"favorable":[71],"payment":[72],"standards,":[73],"including":[74],"price":[75],"discrimination":[76],"by":[77],"patients'":[78],"income":[79],"levels.":[80],"The":[81],"experience":[82],"may":[83],"foreshadow":[84],"ruthless":[86],"operation":[87],"market":[89],"principles":[90],"among":[91],"HMOs,":[93],"raise":[95],"questions":[96],"about":[97],"HMO":[99],"model's":[100],"viability":[101],"for":[102],"today.":[104]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}