{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138201683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","title":"The evolution of the commuting network in Germany: Spatial and connectivity patterns","display_name":"The evolution of the commuting network in Germany: Spatial and connectivity patterns","publication_year":2010,"publication_date":"2010-02-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138201683","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","mag":"2138201683"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","pdf_url":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/download/23/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112590812","display_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","issn_l":"1938-7849","issn":["1938-7849"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316571","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Minnesota"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/download/23/75","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011724598","display_name":"Roberto Patuelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-4307","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1908-4307"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57201433","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 della Svizzera italiana","ror":"https://ror.org/03c4atk17","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["CH","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Patuelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lugano and The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Switzerland","University of Bologna, Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lugano and The Rimini Centre for Economic Analysis, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57201433"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084548810","display_name":"Aura Reggiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8288-2187","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8288-2187"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aura Reggiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bologna","University of Bologna, Department of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bologna, Department of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009404760","display_name":"Peter J. Nijkamp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-8132","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4068-8132"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I198488067","display_name":"Tinbergen Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/054xxtt73","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I865915315","display_name":"Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam","ror":"https://ror.org/008xxew50","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Nijkamp","raw_affiliation_strings":["VU University Amsterdam","Tinbergen Institute","VU University of Amsterdam - Department of Spatial Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"VU University Amsterdam","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tinbergen Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I198488067"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"VU University of Amsterdam - Department of Spatial Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I865915315"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111450052","display_name":"Franz\u2010Josef Bade","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200332995","display_name":"TU Dortmund University","ror":"https://ror.org/01k97gp34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz-Josef Bade","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Dortmund"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Dortmund","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200332995"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":750},"apc_paid":{"value":750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":750},"fwci":3.1012,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9340824,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"3","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.3312999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12483","display_name":"Global Urban Networks and Dynamics","score":0.3312999904155731,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11014","display_name":"Regional Economics and Spatial Analysis","score":0.2736999988555908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10064","display_name":"Complex Network Analysis Techniques","score":0.1941000074148178,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commuting-networks","display_name":"commuting networks","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-evolution","display_name":"network evolution","score":0.656000018119812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complex-networks","display_name":"complex networks","score":0.6959999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-connectivity","display_name":"spatial connectivity","score":0.6679999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-hubs","display_name":"network hubs","score":0.8960000276565552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spatial-economics","display_name":"spatial economics","score":0.5329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/german-districts","display_name":"German districts","score":0.4950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transportation-networks","display_name":"transportation networks","score":0.38100001215934753}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.9137296080589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148383697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1781695","display_name":"Regional science","level":1,"score":0.6488069295883179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6160774230957031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26271046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187097","display_name":"Economic geography","level":1,"score":0.6062052249908447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.49308153986930847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.48876070976257324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32946077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618079","display_name":"Network analysis","level":2,"score":0.47925662994384766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11804174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192971","display_name":"Network theory","level":2,"score":0.44369080662727356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.437677264213562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.412153959274292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.38446494936943054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3613297939300537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35697340965270996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2882424592971802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.26318493485450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2627880871295929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.1998341679573059},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.12300571799278259},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12160807847976685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.113313227891922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.09726983308792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","pdf_url":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/download/23/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112590812","display_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","issn_l":"1938-7849","issn":["1938-7849"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316571","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Minnesota"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/88411","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11585/88411","pdf_url":"https://cris.unibo.it/bitstream/11585/88411/1/RPARPNFB%202010%20JTLU.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-nd","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"mag:2138201683","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1679323","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:ris:jtralu:0037","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/view/23/75","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:252c6faa13cf4ebb995b871bbfab4cb2","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/252c6faa13cf4ebb995b871bbfab4cb2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use, Vol 2, Iss 3 (2010)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","doi":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.5198/jtlu.v2i3.23","pdf_url":"https://www.jtlu.org/index.php/jtlu/article/download/23/75","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112590812","display_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","issn_l":"1938-7849","issn":["1938-7849"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","dongbi-c","erih-plus","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310316571","host_organization_name":"University of Minnesota","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310316571"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["University of Minnesota"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Transport and Land Use","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.6773999929428101},{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","score":0.5142999887466431}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","score":0.6600000262260437}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138201683.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2138201683.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W12305559","https://openalex.org/W1517119764","https://openalex.org/W1529740232","https://openalex.org/W1971937094","https://openalex.org/W1974330714","https://openalex.org/W1985046476","https://openalex.org/W1987580746","https://openalex.org/W2006222780","https://openalex.org/W2008620264","https://openalex.org/W2037959956","https://openalex.org/W2046065260","https://openalex.org/W2058560977","https://openalex.org/W2073166529","https://openalex.org/W2075671867","https://openalex.org/W2080450835","https://openalex.org/W2083496701","https://openalex.org/W2112090702","https://openalex.org/W2949526662","https://openalex.org/W3105251471","https://openalex.org/W3124463371","https://openalex.org/W6651775456"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7096138043","https://openalex.org/W2145015461","https://openalex.org/W1509162963","https://openalex.org/W2263656445","https://openalex.org/W7074223576","https://openalex.org/W2786918734","https://openalex.org/W1976574900","https://openalex.org/W3121237260","https://openalex.org/W6996610861","https://openalex.org/W7098340346"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,86,121],"analysis":[1,126],"of":[2,7,60,64,80,88,123,163,172],"the":[3,26,35,48,61,73,78,81,95,116,124,133,137,153,161,170],"structure":[4],"and":[5,31,57,104,119,140,166],"evolution":[6],"complex":[8],"networks":[9,18],"has":[10],"recently":[11],"received":[12],"considerable":[13],"attention.":[14],"Although":[15],"research":[16],"on":[17],"originated":[19],"in":[20,34,44,54,152],"mathematical":[21],"studies":[22],"dating":[23],"back":[24],"to":[25,40,47,92,130],"nineteenth":[27],"century":[28,37],"(or":[29],"earlier),":[30],"developed":[32],"further":[33],"mid-twentieth":[36],"with":[38],"contributions":[39],"graph":[41],"theory,":[42],"interest":[43],"its":[45],"application":[46],"social":[49],"sciences":[50],"is":[51,91],"currently":[52],"growing---particularly":[53],"regional":[55],"science":[56],"transportation,":[58],"because":[59],"spatial":[62,164],"relevance":[63],"networks.":[65],"This":[66],"paper":[67,90],"presents":[68],"a":[69],"dynamic":[70],"outlook":[71],"for":[72,115],"German":[74,82,96,113,135,154],"commuting":[75,97,155],"network":[76,98],"from":[77,100,160,169],"perspective":[79,162,171],"labor":[83],"market":[84],"districts.":[85],"focus":[87],"this":[89],"explore":[93],"how":[94],"evolves,":[99],"two":[101],"perspectives:":[102],"space":[103],"connectivity.":[105],"We":[106],"consider":[107],"home-to-work":[108],"commuters":[109],"moving":[110],"between":[111],"439":[112],"districts":[114,145],"years":[117],"1995":[118],"2005.":[120],"results":[122],"present":[125],"make":[127],"it":[128],"possible":[129],"identify,":[131],"among":[132],"main":[134],"districts,":[136],"most":[138],"\u201copen\u201d":[139],"connected":[141],"ones.":[142],"These":[143],"emerging":[144],"can":[146],"be":[147],"considered":[148],"as":[149,158,167],"potential":[150],"\u201chubs\u201d":[151],"system---that":[156],"is,":[157],"attractors":[159],"economics,":[165],"interconnectors":[168],"networking.":[173]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}