{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2138108087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","title":"An Analysis of the Impact of Commercial Test Preparation Courses on SAT Scores","display_name":"An Analysis of the Impact of Commercial Test Preparation Courses on SAT Scores","publication_year":1982,"publication_date":"1982-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2138108087","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","mag":"2138108087"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3102/00028312019003429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185455288","display_name":"American Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"0002-8312","issn":["0002-8312","1935-1011"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033854976","display_name":"MICHAEL L. SESNOWITZ","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149910238","display_name":"Kent State University","ror":"https://ror.org/049pfb863","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Sesnowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Kent State University","Kent State U, Graduate School of Management"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kent State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Kent State U, Graduate School of Management","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149910238"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023828333","display_name":"Kenneth L. Bernhardt","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kenneth L. Bernhardt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Georgie State University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Georgie State University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017407642","display_name":"D. Matthew Knain","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Matthew Knain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chesapeake and Potomac Telephone Co","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2500,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2500},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.40336277,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":87,"max":93},"biblio":{"volume":"19","issue":"3","first_page":"429","last_page":"429"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13566","display_name":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13566","display_name":"Global Educational Reforms and Inequalities","score":0.9136000275611877,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.0706000030040741,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13929","display_name":"Educational Outcomes and Influences","score":0.006599999964237213,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sat-scores","display_name":"SAT scores","score":0.8859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standardized-test-performance","display_name":"standardized test performance","score":0.6320000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/academic-achievement","display_name":"academic performance","score":0.3149999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-measurement","display_name":"educational testing","score":0.3370000123977661}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779363792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1104185","display_name":"Coaching","level":2,"score":0.9128648042678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7128893136978149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23131810","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q818574","display_name":"Observational study","level":2,"score":0.6086469888687134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6067854166030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203151758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3244907","display_name":"Standardized test","level":2,"score":0.5419501066207886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48561166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1347367","display_name":"Aptitude","level":2,"score":0.5121428966522217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75630572","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538904","display_name":"Applied psychology","level":1,"score":0.45378798246383667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158739034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1907114","display_name":"Metropolitan area","level":2,"score":0.44364091753959656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.42524275183677673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.37258994579315186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12601661682128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.11789566278457642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.09889954328536987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07844793796539307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3102/00028312019003429","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312019003429","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185455288","display_name":"American Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"0002-8312","issn":["0002-8312","1935-1011"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"doi:10.2307/1162723","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1162723","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2307/1162723","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S185455288","display_name":"American Educational Research Journal","issn_l":"0002-8312","issn":["0002-8312","1935-1011"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","ki-jl-1","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"American Educational Research Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.6164000034332275,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":2,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2026191971","https://openalex.org/W2098616194"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2544502270","https://openalex.org/W2107325023","https://openalex.org/W2156649309","https://openalex.org/W347069193","https://openalex.org/W2031686242","https://openalex.org/W115739321","https://openalex.org/W1929477155","https://openalex.org/W1960889638","https://openalex.org/W4319788179","https://openalex.org/W2056515729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Data":[0],"collected":[1],"by":[2],"the":[3,8,17,30,39,90,96],"Federal":[4],"Trade":[5],"Commission":[6],"from":[7,112],"Educational":[9],"Testing":[10],"Service":[11],"and":[12,115],"Commercial":[13],"Coaching":[14],"Schools":[15],"in":[16,24],"New":[18],"York":[19],"Metropolitan":[20],"area":[21],"are":[22,87],"used":[23],"an":[25],"observational":[26],"study":[27],"to":[28,68,71,75,79,102,106],"test":[29],"hypothesis":[31,91],"that":[32,46,92],"commercial":[33,51],"coaching":[34,52,93],"can":[35],"improve":[36],"performance":[37],"on":[38,57,82],"Scholastic":[40],"Aptitude":[41],"Test.":[42],"Evidence":[43],"is":[44],"presented":[45],"many":[47],"students":[48,101],"who":[49],"sought":[50],"had":[53],"scored":[54],"below":[55],"expectations":[56],"previous":[58],"standardized":[59],"exams.":[60],"Their":[61],"poor":[62],"performance,":[63],"however,":[64],"was":[65],"found":[66],"not":[67],"be":[69],"due":[70],"chance":[72],"but":[73],"rather":[74],"a":[76],"systematic":[77],"inability":[78,105],"do":[80],"well":[81],"such":[83,100],"tests.":[84],"The":[85],"data":[86],"consistent":[88],"with":[89],"can,":[94],"at":[95],"very":[97],"least,":[98],"help":[99],"overcome":[103],"their":[104,113],"perform":[107],"as":[108],"one":[109],"would":[110],"predict":[111],"demographic":[114],"personal":[116],"characteristics.":[117]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-08T12:12:28.789561","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}