{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137794586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","title":"Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey","display_name":"Individual Risk Attitudes: New Evidence from a Large, Representative, Experimentally-Validated Survey","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137794586","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","mag":"2137794586"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.807408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040198259","display_name":"Thomas Dohmen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-0319","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9321-0319"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["DE","NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Dohmen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)","Maastricht University - Business Investment Research Center (BIRC)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Maastricht University - Business Investment Research Center (BIRC)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084716352","display_name":"Armin Falk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-3002","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7284-3002"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135140700","display_name":"University of Bonn","ror":"https://ror.org/041nas322","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109087","display_name":"BRIQ Institute on Behavior and Inequality","ror":"https://ror.org/01tbnxe16","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210109087"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Armin Falk","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Bonn - Economic Science Area","briq - Institute on Behavior & Inequality, Schaumburg-Lippe-Stra\u00dfe 5-9, Bonn, 53113, Germany","briq - Institute on Behavior & Inequality"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Bonn - Economic Science Area","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"briq - Institute on Behavior & Inequality, Schaumburg-Lippe-Stra\u00dfe 5-9, Bonn, 53113, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109087"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"briq - Institute on Behavior & Inequality","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210109087"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056532188","display_name":"David Huffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-5560","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4714-5560"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118020396","display_name":"Swarthmore College","ror":"https://ror.org/012dg8a96","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}],"countries":["DE","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Huffman","raw_affiliation_strings":["IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, United States","IZA Institute of Labor Economics","Swarthmore College"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, D-53072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swarthmore College, 500 College Ave, Swarthmore, PA 19081, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Swarthmore College","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118020396"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021689391","display_name":"Uwe Sunde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-7822","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-7822"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I8204097","display_name":"Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit\u00e4t M\u00fcnchen","ror":"https://ror.org/05591te55","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Uwe Sunde","raw_affiliation_strings":["Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, DE Bavaria 80539, Germany","Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU), Geschwister-Scholl-Platz 1, Munich, DE Bavaria 80539, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich (LMU)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I8204097"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068630829","display_name":"J\u00fcrgen Schupp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5273-643X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5273-643X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282776028","display_name":"German Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0050vmv35","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Juergen Schupp","raw_affiliation_strings":["German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)","Institute for Sociology, Freie Universit\u00e4t","The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Sociology, Freie Universit\u00e4t","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032824352","display_name":"Gert G. Wagner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5985-4073","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5985-4073"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1282776028","display_name":"German Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0050vmv35","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4577782","display_name":"Technische Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/03v4gjf40","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gert G. Wagner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Berlin University of Technology, Stra\u00dfe des 17, Berlin, 10623, Germany","German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstra\u00dfe 58, Berlin, 10117, Germany","German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), DIW Berlin, 10108 Berlin, Berlin, Germany","Berlin University of Technology","German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)","German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berlin University of Technology, Stra\u00dfe des 17, Berlin, 10623, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin), Mohrenstra\u00dfe 58, Berlin, 10117, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP), DIW Berlin, 10108 Berlin, Berlin, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Berlin University of Technology","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4577782"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Institute for Economic Research (DIW Berlin)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1282776028"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"German Socio-Economic Panel Study (SOEP)","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5084716352"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135140700","https://openalex.org/I4210109087"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":652,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10315","display_name":"Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics","score":0.9574999809265137,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1800","display_name":"General Decision Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10646","display_name":"Experimental Behavioral Economics Studies","score":0.04010000079870224,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10841","display_name":"Economic and Environmental Valuation","score":0.0012000000569969416,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-preferences","display_name":"risk preferences","score":0.8709999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-taking","display_name":"risk-taking","score":0.8999999761581421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-aversion","display_name":"risk aversion","score":0.7149999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relative-risk-aversion","display_name":"relative risk aversion","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-heterogeneity","display_name":"risk heterogeneity","score":0.6179999709129333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-and-gender-differences","display_name":"age and gender differences","score":0.5189999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parental-education","display_name":"parental education","score":0.9309999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/height","display_name":"height","score":0.847000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-experiments","display_name":"field experiments","score":0.4449999928474426}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777340749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6684955","display_name":"Lottery","level":2,"score":0.8105937242507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778136018","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10350689","display_name":"Predictive power","level":2,"score":0.5805617570877075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5717098712921143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.5190302133560181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.5111282467842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.4856390058994293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.482849657535553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129915516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17083550","display_name":"Risk aversion (psychology)","level":3,"score":0.4613257944583893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44169771671295166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.42389416694641113},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4197963774204254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3632616400718689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.3372306227684021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.2333151400089264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2021215260028839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205706631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2319304","display_name":"Expected utility hypothesis","level":2,"score":0.1899835169315338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.17585036158561707},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.17195650935173035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.11171042919158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09767156839370728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":14,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.807408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:feb:wpaper:2096","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://karlan.yale.edu/fieldexperiments/pdf/falk_risk%5B1%5D.pdf","pdf_url":"http://karlan.yale.edu/fieldexperiments/pdf/falk_risk%5B1%5D.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:diw:diwwpp:dp511","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.43553.de/dp511.pdf","pdf_url":"http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.43553.de/dp511.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:feb:framed:00140","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fieldexperiments-papers2/papers/00140.pdf","pdf_url":"http://s3.amazonaws.com/fieldexperiments-papers2/papers/00140.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:iza:izadps:dp1730","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp1730.pdf","pdf_url":"https://docs.iza.org/dp1730.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/18362","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/18362","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/18362","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:econstor.eu:10419/33253","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/33253","pdf_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10419/33253","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401696","display_name":"Econstor (Econstor)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"doc-type:workingPaper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.183.4526","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.183.4526","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://ftp.iza.org/dp1730.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.322.8882","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.322.8882","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.diw.de/documents/publikationen/73/diw_01.c.43553.de/dp511.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.417.7997","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.417.7997","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://karlan.yale.edu/fieldexperiments/papers/00140.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.470.5365","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.470.5365","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/33253/1/499450558.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3122463214","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://ideas.repec.org/p/feb/framed/00140.html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764561340","display_name":"Framed Field Experiments","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core"],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Framed Field Experiments","raw_type":null},{"id":"mag:3123116812","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:iza:izadps:dp1730","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:cpr:ceprdp:5517","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cepr.org/active/publications/discussion_papers/dp.php?dpno=5517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.807408","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.807408","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study","display_name":"Observational Study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W89908149","https://openalex.org/W1567222067","https://openalex.org/W1587085269","https://openalex.org/W1696945740","https://openalex.org/W1963749026","https://openalex.org/W1978815854","https://openalex.org/W1991011913","https://openalex.org/W1993589236","https://openalex.org/W1998069288","https://openalex.org/W2002522734","https://openalex.org/W2010692783","https://openalex.org/W2018242801","https://openalex.org/W2026217192","https://openalex.org/W2031211138","https://openalex.org/W2035982357","https://openalex.org/W2051362523","https://openalex.org/W2063511179","https://openalex.org/W2079452839","https://openalex.org/W2088212458","https://openalex.org/W2096681727","https://openalex.org/W2096868361","https://openalex.org/W2105705711","https://openalex.org/W2113523624","https://openalex.org/W2124876524","https://openalex.org/W2126078878","https://openalex.org/W2148246637","https://openalex.org/W2163851514","https://openalex.org/W3122148334","https://openalex.org/W3122414763","https://openalex.org/W3122935857","https://openalex.org/W3123061109","https://openalex.org/W3123322809","https://openalex.org/W3123489459","https://openalex.org/W3124318305","https://openalex.org/W3125353710","https://openalex.org/W3125424168","https://openalex.org/W3125617764"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7097889571","https://openalex.org/W7100624702","https://openalex.org/W7098486806","https://openalex.org/W4409256662","https://openalex.org/W3016646265","https://openalex.org/W2161292307","https://openalex.org/W7098001309","https://openalex.org/W1496018286","https://openalex.org/W7098191326","https://openalex.org/W880753991"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":32},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":38},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":43},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":42}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}