{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137601654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","title":"Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues","display_name":"Alternative Measures of Competitive Balance in Sports Leagues","publication_year":2002,"publication_date":"2002-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137601654","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","mag":"2137601654"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1177/152700250200300203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49327401","display_name":"Journal of Sports Economics","issn_l":"1527-0025","issn":["1527-0025","1552-7794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sports Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063512323","display_name":"Brad R. Humphreys","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-7237","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0099-7237"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79272384","display_name":"University of Maryland, Baltimore County","ror":"https://ror.org/02qskvh78","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Brad R. Humphreys","raw_affiliation_strings":["UMBC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"UMBC","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5063512323"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79272384"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.8097,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":336,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98421644,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"3","issue":"2","first_page":"133","last_page":"148"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11674","display_name":"Sports Analytics and Performance","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10942","display_name":"Sports, Gender, and Society","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3318","display_name":"Gender Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13296","display_name":"Physical Education and Sports Studies","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/competitive-balance","display_name":"competitive balance","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sports-leagues","display_name":"sports leagues","score":0.8920000195503235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/team-winning-percentage","display_name":"team winning percentage","score":0.6769999861717224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/professional-baseball","display_name":"professional baseball","score":0.859000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/baseball-attendance","display_name":"baseball attendance","score":0.7170000076293945}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207456731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660818","display_name":"League","level":2,"score":0.9060441255569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168031717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1530280","display_name":"Balance (ability)","level":2,"score":0.776830792427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778173179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339289","display_name":"Attendance","level":2,"score":0.736727774143219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778334786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1586270","display_name":"Variation (astronomy)","level":2,"score":0.635738730430603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4890218675136566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.48331499099731445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.37185388803482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.35365360975265503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.2591157555580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20187130570411682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.16955634951591492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1177/152700250200300203","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1177/152700250200300203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S49327401","display_name":"Journal of Sports Economics","issn_l":"1527-0025","issn":["1527-0025","1552-7794"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["abdc-b","anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","jufo-1","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Sports Economics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:sae:jospec:v:3:y:2002:i:2:p:133-148","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/152700250200300203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118721063","https://openalex.org/W1591225377","https://openalex.org/W1758489982","https://openalex.org/W1990976763","https://openalex.org/W2026644772","https://openalex.org/W2063246720","https://openalex.org/W2098647573","https://openalex.org/W2108818539","https://openalex.org/W2116611530","https://openalex.org/W2117178635","https://openalex.org/W2130136629","https://openalex.org/W2152059452","https://openalex.org/W2263553286","https://openalex.org/W2334024349","https://openalex.org/W2524759406","https://openalex.org/W3023906401","https://openalex.org/W4300316150"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7095439976","https://openalex.org/W1705448860","https://openalex.org/W1973756663","https://openalex.org/W2948259922","https://openalex.org/W2073950109","https://openalex.org/W1493546582","https://openalex.org/W122987712","https://openalex.org/W1501859514","https://openalex.org/W7096270106","https://openalex.org/W2895826727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"most":[1],"commonly":[2],"used":[3],"measures":[4,81],"of":[5,25,49,52,55,72,82],"competitive":[6,26,83],"balance":[7],"in":[8,16,38,58,67,76],"sports":[9],"leagues":[10],"do":[11],"not":[12],"capture":[13],"season-to-season":[14],"changes":[15],"relative":[17],"standings.":[18],"This":[19],"article":[20],"describes":[21],"an":[22],"alternative":[23],"measure":[24],"balance,":[27,84],"the":[28,53,62,68,73],"Competitive":[29],"Balance":[30],"Ratio":[31],"(CBR),":[32],"that":[33,86],"reflects":[34],"team":[35],"specific":[36],"variation":[37,66,75],"winning":[39],"percentage":[40],"over":[41],"time":[42],"and":[43],"league-specific":[44],"variation.":[45],"Based":[46],"on":[47],"estimation":[48],"a":[50,89],"model":[51],"determination":[54],"annual":[56],"attendance":[57,77],"professional":[59],"baseball":[60],"during":[61],"past":[63],"100":[64],"years,":[65],"CBR":[69,87],"explains":[70],"more":[71],"observed":[74],"than":[78],"other":[79],"alternatives":[80],"suggesting":[85],"is":[88],"useful":[90],"metric.":[91]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":30}],"updated_date":"2026-10-30T12:39:25.321706","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
