{"id":"https://openalex.org/W21372931","doi":null,"title":"Escaping the Red Queen Effect","display_name":"Escaping the Red Queen Effect","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W21372931","mag":"21372931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:21372931","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-17177226/escaping-the-red-queen-effect","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306532559","display_name":"The McKinsey Quarterly","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The McKinsey Quarterly","raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079464744","display_name":"Stuart Alan Kauffman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-4312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-4312"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Stuart Kauffman","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7094-4312","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079464744"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.00539327,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":"1","first_page":"118","last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.24050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10785","display_name":"Economic Theory and Institutions","score":0.24050000309944153,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10003","display_name":"Innovation and Knowledge Management","score":0.11819999665021896,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11764","display_name":"Evolution and Genetic Dynamics","score":0.10239999741315842,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/red-queen-effect","display_name":"Red Queen effect","score":0.8619999885559082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/technological-innovation","display_name":"technological innovation","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cambrian-explosion","display_name":"Cambrian explosion","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-analogy","display_name":"evolutionary analogy","score":0.4429999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/innovation-rate","display_name":"innovation rate","score":0.6000000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rugged-landscapes","display_name":"rugged landscapes","score":0.5870000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-evolution","display_name":"organizational evolution","score":0.5080000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/top-down-innovation","display_name":"top-down innovation","score":0.40700000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-structure","display_name":"organizational structure","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/change-management","display_name":"change management","score":0.367000013589859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-development","display_name":"organizational development","score":0.3790000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-decline","display_name":"organizational decline","score":0.3569999933242798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-renewal","display_name":"organizational renewal","score":0.5889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-resilience","display_name":"organizational resilience","score":0.3160000145435333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-agility","display_name":"organizational agility","score":0.34700000286102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/organizational-culture","display_name":"organizational culture","score":0.6349999904632568}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91066513","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38348","display_name":"Phylum","level":3,"score":0.9365878701210022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86792732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1416338","display_name":"Creatures","level":3,"score":0.7076602578163147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136815107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q154242","display_name":"Nothing","level":2,"score":0.6217333674430847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.5359358191490173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13106087","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75507","display_name":"Paleozoic","level":2,"score":0.5004007816314697},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.4678329527378082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781291010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178580","display_name":"Period (music)","level":2,"score":0.4623684883117676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.3929893374443054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3853936195373535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90856448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431","display_name":"Zoology","level":1,"score":0.34822142124176025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.3395375609397888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.30028754472732544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776608160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785462","display_name":"Natural (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.16105011105537415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.13060787320137024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C523546767","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876","display_name":"Bacteria","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:21372931","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1G1-17177226/escaping-the-red-queen-effect","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306532559","display_name":"The McKinsey Quarterly","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"The McKinsey Quarterly","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2548299120","https://openalex.org/W3022601496","https://openalex.org/W2337868798","https://openalex.org/W6986173649","https://openalex.org/W2049600499","https://openalex.org/W7096129120","https://openalex.org/W4236275778","https://openalex.org/W2973541942","https://openalex.org/W7055108562","https://openalex.org/W7056681973"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,57,111,205,299,325,351,449,494,580],"same":[1],"laws":[2],"may":[3,59,238],"govern":[4],"the":[5,15,32,39,68,71,86,115,119,139,164,173,182,187,194,225,242,260,292,296,333,339,361,370,373,393,397,447,490,516,519,538,545,584,599,605],"evolution":[6,34,585],"of":[7,17,35,41,70,88,118,129,141,149,154,175,184,198,203,207,246,291,329,375,399,410,428,455,484,496,518,540,547,586,607,614],"organisms":[8,37,177],"and":[9,27,38,82,94,99,191,214,322,465,478,506,533],"organizations":[10,84],"Rugged":[11],"fitness":[596,615],"landscapes":[13],"determine":[14],"rate":[16,374,606],"innovation":[18,350],"Breaking":[19],"your":[20],"company":[21],"into":[22,275],"patches":[23],"to":[24,92,224,255,263,281,288,303,310,360,407,423,441,500,556,559,571],"balance":[25],"order":[26],"chaos":[28],"At":[29],"first":[30,261],"glance,":[31],"adaptive":[33],"living":[36,185,587],"development":[40,140,517],"human":[42,77],"artifacts":[43,78],"seem":[44],"worlds":[45],"apart.":[46],"When":[47],"a":[48,89,108,127,145,151,199,235,386,408,425,442,453,476,548,594],"gene":[49],"mutates,":[50],"it":[51,168,405,420,567],"does":[52],"not":[53],"do":[54],"so":[55,575],"intentionally":[56],"mutation":[58],"be":[60,513],"helpful,":[61],"harmful,":[62],"or":[63,536,542],"neutral":[64],"as":[65,67,167,232,234,593,612],"far":[66],"survival":[69],"species":[72,262,306,334],"is":[73,169,327,357,401,413,421],"concerned.":[74],"By":[75],"contrast,":[76],"like":[79,382],"tools,":[80],"products,":[81],"even":[83,479],"are":[85,217,253,565,616],"fruits":[87],"conscious":[90],"struggle":[91],"invent":[93],"improve.":[95],"What":[96,160],"can":[97,512],"biology":[98],"technology":[100,355],"possibly":[101],"have":[102,239,256],"in":[103,138,295,314,338,346,353,475,515,522,530,537,603],"common?":[104],"Perhaps":[105],"nothing,":[106],"perhaps":[107],"great":[109],"deal.":[110],"Cambrian":[112,116,165,243,362],"explosion":[113],"In":[114,181,416],"period":[117,148],"Paleozoic":[120],"era,":[121],"some":[122],"500":[123],"million":[124],"years":[125],"ago,":[126],"burst":[128],"biological":[130],"creativity":[131],"took":[132],"place":[133],"that":[134,172,231,335,435],"finds":[135],"an":[136],"echo":[137],"many":[142,233],"technologies.":[143],"Over":[144],"relatively":[146],"brief":[147],"time,":[150],"vast":[152],"diversity":[153,398],"fundamentally":[155],"different":[156,271,433],"life":[157],"forms":[158,365,390,400,469],"appeared.":[159],"was":[161,171],"extra-ordinary":[162],"about":[163],"explosion,":[166],"known,":[170],"emergence":[174,546],"new":[176],"happened":[178],"top":[179,267,414],"down.":[180,268,415],"taxonomy":[183],"creatures,":[186],"highest":[188],"categories,":[189],"kingdoms":[190],"phyla,":[192,384],"capture":[193],"most":[195,245],"general":[196],"features":[197],"very":[200],"large":[201,466],"group":[202],"organisms.":[204],"phylum":[206],"vertebrates,":[208],"for":[209],"instance,":[210],"includes":[211],"fish,":[212],"birds,":[213],"mammals.":[215],"There":[216],"32":[218],"phyla":[219,237,252],"today,":[220],"all":[221],"dating":[222],"back":[223,464],"post-Cambrian":[226],"period.":[227],"Evidence":[228],"suggests,":[229],"however,":[230],"hundred":[236],"existed":[240],"during":[241],"itself,":[244],"which":[247,313,354,604],"quickly":[248],"became":[249],"extinct.":[250],"These":[251,269],"thought":[254],"been":[257],"established":[258],"by":[259],"emerge":[264],"-":[265],"hence":[266],"radically":[270,432],"creatures":[272,588],"then":[273,372,438],"branched":[274,492],"daughter":[276,305],"species,":[277],"slightly":[278],"more":[279,308,402,471,578],"similar":[280,309,359],"one":[282,311,328],"another":[283,312],"but":[284],"still":[285],"distinctive":[286],"enough":[287],"become":[289,577],"founders":[290],"next":[293],"category":[294],"hierarchy,":[297],"classes.":[298],"process":[300,581],"replicated,":[301],"itself":[302],"produce":[304],"somewhat":[307],"their":[315],"turn":[316],"founded":[317],"orders.":[318],"Next":[319],"were":[320],"families,":[321],"finally":[323],"genera.":[324],"pattern":[326],"explosive":[330],"differences":[331],"among":[332],"branch":[336,366,436],"early":[337,429,488,521],"process,":[340],"with":[341,431,458,462,470,481,553],"progressively":[342,569],"less":[343],"dramatic":[344],"variation":[345],"successive":[347],"branchings.":[348],"Technological":[349],"way":[352],"evolves":[356],"strikingly":[358],"explosion.":[363],"Diverse":[364],"out":[367],"bushily":[368],"at":[369,392],"beginning,":[371],"branching":[376],"declines,":[377],"extinction":[378],"sets":[379],"in,":[380],"and,":[381],"today's":[383,501],"only":[385],"few":[387,443],"major":[388],"alternative":[389],"persist":[391],"end.":[394],"Early":[395],"on,":[396],"radical;":[403],"later,":[404],"shrinks":[406],"fine-tuning":[409],"details.":[411],"Development":[412],"any":[417],"basic":[418],"innovation,":[419,550],"common":[422],"find":[424,557],"wide":[426],"range":[427],"experiments":[430],"designs":[434,564],"further,":[437],"settle":[439],"down":[440],"dominant":[444,502],"lineages.":[445],"Take":[446],"bicycle.":[448],"nineteenth":[450],"century":[451],"saw":[452],"plethora":[454],"forms:":[456],"bicycles":[457,480,497],"no":[459],"handlebars,":[460],"versions":[461],"small":[463],"front":[467],"wheels,":[468],"than":[472],"two":[473,482],"wheels":[474,483],"line,":[477],"equal":[485],"size.":[486],"An":[487],"leader,":[489],"pennyfarthing,":[491],"further.":[493],"class":[495],"eventually":[498],"settled":[499],"genera:":[503],"street,":[504],"racing,":[505],"mountain":[507],"bikes.":[508],"Equally":[509],"apt":[510],"illustrations":[511],"found":[514],"automobile":[520],"this":[523],"century,":[524],"from":[525],"it's":[526],"highly":[527],"diverse":[528],"origins":[529],"primitive":[531],"steam":[532],"gasoline":[534],"vehicles,":[535],"design":[539],"aircraft":[541],"motorcycles.":[543],"After":[544],"fundamental":[549],"people":[551],"experiment":[552],"radical":[554],"modifications":[555],"ways":[558],"improve":[560],"it.":[561],"As":[562],"better":[563],"found,":[566],"becomes":[568],"harder":[570],"make":[572],"further":[573],"improvements,":[574],"variations":[576],"modest.":[579],"closely":[582],"resembles":[583],"on":[589],"what":[590],"biologists":[591],"describe":[592],"rugged":[595],"landscape":[597],"(see":[598],"boxed":[600],"insert":[601],"overleaf),":[602],"finding":[608],"improvements":[609],"slows":[610],"exponentially":[611],"peaks":[613],"approached.":[617],"\u2026":[618]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":26},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}