{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2137125160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","title":"Easy Targets and the Timing of Conflict","display_name":"Easy Targets and the Timing of Conflict","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2137125160","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","mag":"2137125160"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.505002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"volume":null,"type":"preprint","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087778196","display_name":"Helmut Bester","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75951250","display_name":"Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin","ror":"https://ror.org/046ak2485","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Helmut Bester","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London, United Kingdom","Free University of Berlin (FUB) - Division of Economics, Boltzmannstr. 20, Berlin 14195, 14195, Germany","Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","Free University of Berlin (FUB) - Division of Economics"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), London, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Berlin (FUB) - Division of Economics, Boltzmannstr. 20, Berlin 14195, 14195, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Free University of Berlin (FUB) - Division of Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75951250"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051923879","display_name":"Kai Andreas Konrad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-2271","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-2271"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1340728805","display_name":"Ifo Institute for Economic Research","ror":"https://ror.org/045495t75","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805","https://openalex.org/I315704651"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I197518295","display_name":"IZA - Institute of Labor Economics","ror":"https://ror.org/029s44460","country_code":"DE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210134321","display_name":"Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance","ror":"https://ror.org/03gj2cq31","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149899117","https://openalex.org/I4210134321"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210140326","display_name":"Centre for Economic Policy Research","ror":"https://ror.org/04jzmdh37","country_code":"GB","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]}],"countries":["DE","GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kai A. Konrad","raw_affiliation_strings":["CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research), Poschinger Str. 5, Munich, 81679, Germany","Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 90-98 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7RR, United Kingdom","IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, 53072, Germany","Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Marstallplatz 1, Munich, 80539, Germany","CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research)","Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","IZA Institute of Labor Economics","Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2225-2271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research), Poschinger Str. 5, Munich, 81679, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), 90-98 Goswell Road, London, EC1V 7RR, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics, P.O. Box 7240, Bonn, 53072, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance, Marstallplatz 1, Munich, 80539, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"CESifo (Center for Economic Studies and Ifo Institute for Economic Research)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210140326"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"IZA Institute of Labor Economics","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I197518295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Max Planck Institute for Tax Law and Public Finance","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210134321"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5051923879"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1340728805","https://openalex.org/I197518295","https://openalex.org/I4210134321","https://openalex.org/I4210140326"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11031","display_name":"Game Theory and Applications","score":0.951200008392334,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10053","display_name":"International Relations and Foreign Policy","score":0.01209999993443489,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11252","display_name":"Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation","score":0.011500000022351742,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/war-initiation","display_name":"war initiation","score":0.5120000243186951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deterrence","display_name":"deterrence","score":0.5490000247955322}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.39530149102211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3918367624282837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.37349414825439453}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.505002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.2139/ssrn.505002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.505002","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210172589","display_name":"SSRN Electronic Journal","issn_l":"1556-5068","issn":["1556-5068"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1318003438","host_organization_name":"RELX Group (Netherlands)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1318003438"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"posted-content"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, justice, and strong institutions","score":0.7297000288963318,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W170486074","https://openalex.org/W577979449","https://openalex.org/W1533188739","https://openalex.org/W1538994871","https://openalex.org/W1591432087","https://openalex.org/W1842741107","https://openalex.org/W1965092854","https://openalex.org/W1976506170","https://openalex.org/W1978181693","https://openalex.org/W1993729355","https://openalex.org/W2001609248","https://openalex.org/W2019241877","https://openalex.org/W2029994857","https://openalex.org/W2033739349","https://openalex.org/W2037939893","https://openalex.org/W2047156377","https://openalex.org/W2068491626","https://openalex.org/W2079912971","https://openalex.org/W2095456486","https://openalex.org/W2108378466","https://openalex.org/W2153886403","https://openalex.org/W2154555401","https://openalex.org/W2166805892","https://openalex.org/W2327769971","https://openalex.org/W2329860965","https://openalex.org/W2485936325","https://openalex.org/W2888103103","https://openalex.org/W3049570326","https://openalex.org/W3121603672","https://openalex.org/W3121873219","https://openalex.org/W3121969412","https://openalex.org/W3123842352","https://openalex.org/W3124003128","https://openalex.org/W3125910540","https://openalex.org/W4237690749","https://openalex.org/W4241262185","https://openalex.org/W4243163562","https://openalex.org/W4254884871","https://openalex.org/W4301425965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100646109","https://openalex.org/W2235022883","https://openalex.org/W7098852733","https://openalex.org/W7111988207","https://openalex.org/W2125499995","https://openalex.org/W3092383374","https://openalex.org/W2158605988","https://openalex.org/W4282959508","https://openalex.org/W2165860038","https://openalex.org/W2044314231"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":14}],"updated_date":"2026-10-14T16:39:01.820549","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
