{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136646623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","title":"Stacking dependency parsers","display_name":"Stacking dependency parsers","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136646623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","mag":"2136646623"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1613715.1613738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1613715.1613738","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing - EMNLP '08","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"volume":null,"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1613715.1613738","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051693368","display_name":"Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-4681","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6863-4681"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387152517","display_name":"Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico","ror":"https://ror.org/03db2by73","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I141596103","https://openalex.org/I4387152517"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["PT","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andr\u00e9 F. T. Martins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, and Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisboa, Portugal"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, and Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Lisboa, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I4387152517","https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021055773","display_name":"Dipanjan Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-0646","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2325-0646"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dipanjan Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088517824","display_name":"Noah A. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-6380","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2310-6380"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Noah A. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009547049","display_name":"Eric P. Xing","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9158-4201","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9158-4201","https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3683-4280"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric P. Xing","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.0534,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":91,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98356605,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"157","last_page":"157"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12031","display_name":"Speech and dialogue systems","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dependency-parsing","display_name":"dependency parsing","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph-based-parsing","display_name":"graph-based parsing","score":0.75},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transition-based-parsing","display_name":"transition-based parsing","score":0.9879999756813049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-local-features","display_name":"non-local features","score":0.8230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-stacking","display_name":"feature stacking","score":0.34299999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilingual-parsing","display_name":"multilingual parsing","score":0.7279999852180481}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164883195","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q674834","display_name":"Dependency grammar","level":3,"score":0.8447573184967041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.8415166139602661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.823939859867096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19768560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q320727","display_name":"Dependency (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7912378311157227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.5876877903938293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5649821162223816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33347731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q285210","display_name":"Stacking","level":2,"score":0.5509957671165466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.533894419670105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16311509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4148050","display_name":"Dependency graph","level":3,"score":0.528369665145874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.34290409088134766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46141821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q209402","display_name":"Nuclear magnetic resonance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3115/1613715.1613738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1613715.1613738","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing - EMNLP '08","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.141.5789","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.141.5789","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.sailing.cs.cmu.edu/pdf/2008/andreemnlp08.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.184.4489","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.184.4489","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/%7Enasmith/papers/martins%2Bdas%2Bsmith%2Bxing.emnlp08.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.187.4788","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.187.4788","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.aclweb.org/anthology-new/D/D08/D08-1017.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.359.7880","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.359.7880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~afm/Home_files/emnlp2008.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3115/1613715.1613738","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3115/1613715.1613738","pdf_url":"https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.5555/1613715.1613738","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363608991","display_name":"Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Proceedings of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing - EMNLP '08","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2144763097","display_name":"III-COR+RI:  Novel Statistical Models and Algorithms for Network Modeling, Mining and Reverse Engineering","funder_award_id":"0713379","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2222658223","display_name":"Indexing, Mining and Modeling Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Gene Expressions","funder_award_id":"0640543","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5163887380","display_name":"CAREER: Novel Statistical Models and Computational Algorithms for Evolutionary Genomics","funder_award_id":"0546594","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G677365163","display_name":"RI:  Parsing Models and Algorithms for Morphologically Rich Languages","funder_award_id":"0713265","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","funder_display_name":"National Science Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7042103515","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DBI-0640543","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337398","funder_display_name":"Division of Biological Infrastructure"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306076","display_name":"National Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/021nxhr62"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319180","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon Portugal","ror":"https://ror.org/02mxx0b77"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337398","display_name":"Division of Biological Infrastructure","ror":"https://ror.org/04qn9mx93"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2136646623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2136646623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":34,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8949146","https://openalex.org/W28412257","https://openalex.org/W60337842","https://openalex.org/W181643614","https://openalex.org/W194033037","https://openalex.org/W1491975949","https://openalex.org/W1497611705","https://openalex.org/W1534979469","https://openalex.org/W1554031433","https://openalex.org/W1986500605","https://openalex.org/W1989115577","https://openalex.org/W2015238682","https://openalex.org/W2027979924","https://openalex.org/W2038754641","https://openalex.org/W2048500237","https://openalex.org/W2048679005","https://openalex.org/W2052449326","https://openalex.org/W2096466920","https://openalex.org/W2107771181","https://openalex.org/W2108161779","https://openalex.org/W2116410915","https://openalex.org/W2116957398","https://openalex.org/W2117822433","https://openalex.org/W2120735855","https://openalex.org/W2120814856","https://openalex.org/W2122922578","https://openalex.org/W2128791906","https://openalex.org/W2143541936","https://openalex.org/W2147880316","https://openalex.org/W2158295342","https://openalex.org/W2403615200","https://openalex.org/W2914369697","https://openalex.org/W2950415592","https://openalex.org/W6601454032"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2250490911","https://openalex.org/W2760379373","https://openalex.org/W2406517565","https://openalex.org/W2963370123","https://openalex.org/W1626006465","https://openalex.org/W2949952998","https://openalex.org/W2070536585","https://openalex.org/W4319334880","https://openalex.org/W2137936515","https://openalex.org/W2118945268"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,61],"explore":[1],"a":[2,26,35,73,92],"stacked":[3,69],"framework":[4],"for":[5,11,59],"learning":[6],"to":[7,24,56,78],"predict":[8],"dependency":[9,20,54,125],"structures":[10],"natural":[12],"language":[13],"sentences.":[14],"A":[15],"typical":[16],"approach":[17],"in":[18,71,100],"graph-based":[19,118],"parsing":[21],"has":[22],"been":[23],"assume":[25],"factorized":[27],"model,":[28],"where":[29],"local":[30],"features":[31,58,99],"are":[32],"used":[33,49],"but":[34],"global":[36],"function":[37],"is":[38,65,76,91],"optimized":[39],"(McDonald":[40],"et":[41],"al.,":[42],"2005b).":[43],"Recently":[44],"Nivre":[45],"and":[46,117],"McDonald":[47],"(2008)":[48],"the":[50,80,83,101],"output":[51],"of":[52,68,82,95],"one":[53],"parser":[55],"provide":[57],"another.":[60],"show":[62,113],"that":[63,88,114],"this":[64,89],"an":[66],"example":[67],"learning,":[70],"which":[72],"second":[74,102],"predictor":[75],"trained":[77],"improve":[79],"performance":[81,121],"first.":[84],"Further,":[85],"we":[86],"argue":[87],"technique":[90],"novel":[93],"way":[94],"approximating":[96],"rich":[97],"non-local":[98],"parser,":[103],"without":[104],"sacrificing":[105],"efficient,":[106],"model-optimal":[107],"prediction.":[108],"Experiments":[109],"on":[110],"twelve":[111],"languages":[112],"stacking":[115],"transition-based":[116],"parsers":[119],"improves":[120],"over":[122],"existing":[123],"state-of-the-art":[124],"parsers.":[126]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-11-05T12:25:35.769452","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
