{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136379893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","title":"Nonintrusive measurements of temperature and size of single falling raindrops","display_name":"Nonintrusive measurements of temperature and size of single falling raindrops","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-04-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136379893","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","mag":"2136379893","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21037705"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.34.001633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112531122","display_name":"J. P. A. J. van Beeck","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149208984","display_name":"Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4bn552","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. P. A. J. van Beeck","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, \nBelgium","The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, #N#Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, \nBelgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, #N#Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110252017","display_name":"M. L. Riethmuller","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149208984","display_name":"Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics","ror":"https://ror.org/01r4bn552","country_code":"BE","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]}],"countries":["BE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. L. Riethmuller","raw_affiliation_strings":["The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, \nBelgium","The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, #N#Belgium"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, \nBelgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The authors are with von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics, Chauss\u00e9e de Waterloo 72, B-1640 Rhode-Saint-Gen\u00e9se, #N#Belgium","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149208984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.1675,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94310625,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"10","first_page":"1633","last_page":"1633"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.31690001487731934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14257","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Detection Methods","score":0.31690001487731934,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10347","display_name":"Atmospheric aerosols and clouds","score":0.1890999972820282,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11382","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Heat Transfer","score":0.13830000162124634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-temperature-measurement","display_name":"droplet temperature measurement","score":0.7390000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/droplet-size-measurement","display_name":"droplet size measurement","score":0.9850000143051147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-intrusive-measurement","display_name":"non-intrusive measurement","score":0.8050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laser-measurement","display_name":"laser measurement","score":0.335999995470047}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776558979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052","display_name":"Rainbow","level":2,"score":0.9376717805862427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.8203399181365967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173913448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1375687","display_name":"Sphericity","level":2,"score":0.56796795129776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165838908","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q736777","display_name":"Calibration","level":2,"score":0.5479793548583984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5103930830955505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333495","display_name":"Falling (accident)","level":2,"score":0.49787235260009766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520434653","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38867","display_name":"Laser","level":2,"score":0.49578794836997986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109792285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q174789","display_name":"Millimeter","level":2,"score":0.48059412837028503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.42618492245674133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31311941146850586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1364/ao.34.001633","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1364/ao.34.001633","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210211917","display_name":"Applied Optics","issn_l":"0003-6935","issn":["0003-6935","1539-4522","1540-8981","1559-128X","2155-3165"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","dongbi-c","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-100","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310315679","host_organization_name":"Optica Publishing Group","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310315679"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Optica Publishing Group"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied Optics","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:21037705","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21037705","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmid:21060606","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21060606","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Applied optics","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":5,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1988913269","https://openalex.org/W2060424667","https://openalex.org/W2083021047","https://openalex.org/W2092893735","https://openalex.org/W2109353187"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W115575342","https://openalex.org/W2463344792","https://openalex.org/W2110065356","https://openalex.org/W2123727421","https://openalex.org/W2018561878","https://openalex.org/W2029286367","https://openalex.org/W2024805210","https://openalex.org/W3197782850","https://openalex.org/W1618274813","https://openalex.org/W2049269895"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"nonintrusive":[1],"laser":[2],"technique,":[3],"based":[4],"on":[5,54],"the":[6,19,26,48,64,67],"detection":[7],"of":[8,23,66],"a":[9,30,33,55],"rainbow,":[10],"is":[11],"presented":[12],"that":[13,63],"permits":[14],"one":[15],"to":[16],"determine":[17],"simultaneously":[18],"temperature":[20],"and":[21,32],"size":[22],"droplets.":[24],"Therefore":[25],"Airy":[27],"theory":[28],"for":[29,73],"rainbow":[31,35],"calibration":[34],"pattern":[36],"at":[37],"isothermal":[38],"conditions":[39],"are":[40],"applied.":[41],"Rainbow":[42],"patterns":[43],"coming":[44],"from":[45],"droplets":[46,68],"in":[47],"millimeter":[49],"range":[50],"have":[51],"been":[52,61],"recorded":[53],"linear":[56],"CCD":[57],"array.":[58],"It":[59],"has":[60],"found":[62],"sphericity":[65],"plays":[69],"an":[70],"important":[71],"role":[72],"this":[74],"rainbow-based":[75],"technique.":[76]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
