{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136343151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","title":"The reactive element effect; ionic processes of grain-boundary segregation and diffusion in chromium oxide scales","display_name":"The reactive element effect; ionic processes of grain-boundary segregation and diffusion in chromium oxide scales","publication_year":1989,"publication_date":"1989-07-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136343151","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","mag":"2136343151"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190924190","display_name":"Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","issn_l":"0953-8984","issn":["0953-8984","1361-648X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6882457/reactive_element.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109556395","display_name":"Engagement Polman","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E A Polman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017476395","display_name":"Thijs Fransen","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Fransen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024968502","display_name":"Paul Johann Gellings","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P J Gellings","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Chem. Technol., Twente Univ., Enschede, Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":{"value":3325,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3325},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9046,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91257962,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"1","issue":"28","first_page":"4497","last_page":"4510"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10626","display_name":"High-Temperature Coating Behaviors","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10626","display_name":"High-Temperature Coating Behaviors","score":0.9911999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10311","display_name":"Advancements in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10840","display_name":"High Temperature Alloys and Creep","score":0.0006000000284984708,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reactive-element-effect","display_name":"reactive element effect","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grain-boundary-segregation","display_name":"grain boundary segregation","score":0.921999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium-oxide-scale","display_name":"chromium oxide scale","score":0.8389999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromia-forming-alloys","display_name":"chromia-forming alloys","score":0.949999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ion-transport","display_name":"ion transport","score":0.796999990940094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-additions","display_name":"rare earth additions","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/high-temperature-corrosion","display_name":"high-temperature corrosion","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/oxide-scale-adhesion","display_name":"oxide scale adhesion","score":0.7590000033378601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/diffusion-coefficient","display_name":"diffusion coefficient","score":0.6290000081062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nickel-oxide","display_name":"nickel oxide","score":0.7490000128746033}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780532540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113800","display_name":"Chromia","level":3,"score":0.9857428073883057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47908070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900515","display_name":"Grain boundary","level":3,"score":0.7665541768074036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50690","display_name":"Oxide","level":2,"score":0.7238994240760803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6852291226387024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20625102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q137056","display_name":"Corrosion","level":2,"score":0.6120377779006958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69357855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q163214","display_name":"Diffusion","level":2,"score":0.5936635732650757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183808158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5593506","display_name":"Grain boundary diffusion coefficient","level":4,"score":0.5857179760932922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2182769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62500","display_name":"Ionic bonding","level":3,"score":0.5774751305580139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511782168","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q725","display_name":"Chromium","level":2,"score":0.5587326288223267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191897082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467","display_name":"Metallurgy","level":1,"score":0.529317319393158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C504270822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q744","display_name":"Nickel","level":2,"score":0.44627177715301514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.35194987058639526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3242276906967163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.21708503365516663},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87976508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1498213","display_name":"Microstructure","level":2,"score":0.15227138996124268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145148216","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36496","display_name":"Ion","level":2,"score":0.13947445154190063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05695021152496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190924190","display_name":"Journal of Physics Condensed Matter","issn_l":"0953-8984","issn":["0953-8984","1361-648X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","jufo-2","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320083","host_organization_name":"IOP Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320083","https://openalex.org/P4310311669"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IOP Publishing","Institute of Physics"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6882457/reactive_element.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Polman, E A, Fransen, T & Gellings, P J 1989, 'The reactive element effect; ionic processes of grain-boundary segregation and diffusion in chromium oxide scales', Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter, vol. 1, no. 28, pp. 4497. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.586.3498","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.586.3498","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://doc.utwente.nl/60638/1/reactive_element.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:ut:oai:ris.utwente.nl:publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Journal of physics: Condensed matter, 1(28). Institute of Physics (IOP)","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire_cris_publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/28b8e625-c50f-4421-bf1f-8bc19997cfb3","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6882457/reactive_element.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Polman, E A, Fransen, T & Gellings, P J 1989, 'The reactive element effect; ionic processes of grain-boundary segregation and diffusion in chromium oxide scales', Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter, vol. 1, no. 28, pp. 4497. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/28/001","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2136343151.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2136343151.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W305034659","https://openalex.org/W1604352427","https://openalex.org/W1819220850","https://openalex.org/W1927170786","https://openalex.org/W1950877620","https://openalex.org/W1965506390","https://openalex.org/W1978844475","https://openalex.org/W1980762062","https://openalex.org/W1991972069","https://openalex.org/W1994562029","https://openalex.org/W2001600607","https://openalex.org/W2002912281","https://openalex.org/W2011074183","https://openalex.org/W2012714411","https://openalex.org/W2021123332","https://openalex.org/W2029970048","https://openalex.org/W2034627838","https://openalex.org/W2043711032","https://openalex.org/W2046967256","https://openalex.org/W2052456150","https://openalex.org/W2053359928","https://openalex.org/W2064946723","https://openalex.org/W2067911453","https://openalex.org/W2080874220","https://openalex.org/W2081732896","https://openalex.org/W2083102141","https://openalex.org/W2087436834","https://openalex.org/W2092776010","https://openalex.org/W2105104150","https://openalex.org/W2112261534","https://openalex.org/W2113198868","https://openalex.org/W2115864365","https://openalex.org/W2118681023","https://openalex.org/W2131158503","https://openalex.org/W2138633255","https://openalex.org/W2209830379","https://openalex.org/W2297861316","https://openalex.org/W2320331647","https://openalex.org/W2324511083","https://openalex.org/W2327863617","https://openalex.org/W2483616327","https://openalex.org/W2975784945","https://openalex.org/W3021323249","https://openalex.org/W4237213217"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2072794927","https://openalex.org/W2066579001","https://openalex.org/W2052943778","https://openalex.org/W166553147","https://openalex.org/W2056773011","https://openalex.org/W1978995932","https://openalex.org/W2052903616","https://openalex.org/W4404517968","https://openalex.org/W3036467457","https://openalex.org/W2063847571"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,141,173],"transport":[1,55,146],"processes":[2,14,56],"in":[3,15,23,57,65,119,147],"chromium":[4,31,197],"oxide":[5,28,89,193,198],"reviewed":[6],"here,":[7],"are":[8,62,160,171,199],"related":[9,52],"to":[10,39,53,72],"the":[11,25,81,105,108,112,115,128,145,150,157],"basic":[12],"ionic":[13,54],"oxide.":[16,187],"Solid":[17],"state":[18],"science":[19],"has":[20,101],"been":[21,102,178],"effective":[22],"describing":[24],"complicated":[26],"diffusion-controlled":[27],"growth":[29],"of":[30,36,94,104,107,114,130,135,152],"and":[32,47,68,111,133,149,168],"chromia-forming":[33,40],"alloys.":[34],"Additions":[35],"reactive":[37,139],"elements":[38],"alloys":[41,61],"have":[42,177],"a":[43,85,91],"remarkably":[44],"beneficial":[45],"effect":[46,49],"this":[48],"is":[50,83,96],"also":[51],"crystal":[58,166],"lattices.":[59],"Chromia-forming":[60],"widely":[63],"used":[64],"coal":[66],"handling":[67],"conversion":[69],"systems":[70],"due":[71],"their":[73],"good":[74,86],"high-temperature":[75],"corrosion":[76,158],"properties;":[77],"for":[78,127],"industrial":[79],"applications":[80],"requirement":[82],"that":[84],"adherent":[87],"protective":[88],"with":[90],"low":[92],"diffusion":[93,117,137],"defects":[95],"formed.":[97],"Recently,":[98],"improved":[99],"knowledge":[100],"gained":[103],"identity":[106],"moving":[109],"species":[110],"values":[113],"corresponding":[116],"coefficients":[118],"chromia":[120,148,176],"scales.":[121],"STEM":[122],"measurements":[123],"give":[124],"experimental":[125],"support":[126],"theory":[129],"grain-boundary":[131,136],"segregation":[132],"blocking":[134],"by":[138,181],"elements.":[140],"current":[142],"ideas":[143],"on":[144,156,165,175,185,190],"role":[151],"rare":[153],"earth":[154],"additions":[155],"behavior":[159],"reviewed.":[161],"In":[162],"addition":[163],"calculations":[164],"lattices":[167],"grain":[169],"boundaries":[170],"discussed.":[172,200],"calculation":[174],"beneficially":[179],"influenced":[180],"earlier":[182],"theoretical":[183],"considerations":[184],"nickel":[186,192],"Consequently,":[188],"results":[189],"(doped)":[191],"as":[194,196],"well":[195]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}