{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136299566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","title":"Flashbulb and Event Memory of September 11, 2001: Consistency, Confidence and Age Effects","display_name":"Flashbulb and Event Memory of September 11, 2001: Consistency, Confidence and Age Effects","publication_year":2005,"publication_date":"2005-06-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136299566","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","mag":"2136299566","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16050611"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147670119","display_name":"Psychological Reports","issn_l":"0033-2941","issn":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083294140","display_name":"Gezinus Wolters","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gezinus Wolters","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Leiden University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Leiden University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039222987","display_name":"J. Goudsmit","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121797337","display_name":"Leiden University","ror":"https://ror.org/027bh9e22","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joop J. Goudsmit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Psychology, Leiden University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychology, Leiden University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083294140"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121797337"],"apc_list":{"value":3650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3650},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.594,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":41,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79882678,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"96","issue":"3","first_page":"605","last_page":"619"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10918","display_name":"Memory Processes and Influences","score":0.9980000257492065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11983","display_name":"Identity, Memory, and Therapy","score":0.00139999995008111,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10242","display_name":"Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3203","display_name":"Clinical Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flashbulb-memory","display_name":"flashbulb memory","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-memory","display_name":"event memory","score":0.9340000152587891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/september-11-attacks","display_name":"September 11 attacks","score":0.8930000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/age-differences","display_name":"age differences","score":0.7730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-confidence","display_name":"memory confidence","score":0.8370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/memory-vividness","display_name":"memory vividness","score":0.8059999942779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emotional-arousal","display_name":"emotional arousal","score":0.8500000238418579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehearsal","display_name":"rehearsal","score":0.972000002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/episodic-memory","display_name":"episodic memory","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/college-students","display_name":"university students","score":0.8519999980926514}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776436953","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5163215","display_name":"Consistency (knowledge bases)","level":2,"score":0.7860177755355835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.7674975395202637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.646608829498291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.4462748169898987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36951298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379784","display_name":"Arousal","level":2,"score":0.445125550031662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986834420","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5932254","display_name":"Age groups","level":2,"score":0.42216286063194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.32264792919158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.2945559024810791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.13879519701004028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.11685055494308472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.07375210523605347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000367","descriptor_name":"Age Factors","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008016","descriptor_name":"Life Change Events","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008568","descriptor_name":"Memory","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011795","descriptor_name":"Surveys and Questionnaires","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D047851","descriptor_name":"September 11 Terrorist Attacks","qualifier_ui":"Q000523","qualifier_name":"psychology","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.605-619","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S147670119","display_name":"Psychological Reports","issn_l":"0033-2941","issn":["0033-2941","1558-691X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-d","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-40","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320017","host_organization_name":"SAGE Publishing","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320017"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["SAGE Publishing"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological Reports","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:16050611","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16050611","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Psychological reports","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[{"display_name":"Observational Study","id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/observational-study"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W120696173","https://openalex.org/W150737145","https://openalex.org/W1487227979","https://openalex.org/W1541204951","https://openalex.org/W1836784785","https://openalex.org/W1945652703","https://openalex.org/W1963866573","https://openalex.org/W1968221635","https://openalex.org/W1979651479","https://openalex.org/W1982566736","https://openalex.org/W1991983579","https://openalex.org/W1994554495","https://openalex.org/W1994575761","https://openalex.org/W2000053256","https://openalex.org/W2006209122","https://openalex.org/W2006995024","https://openalex.org/W2008140805","https://openalex.org/W2016638459","https://openalex.org/W2025642774","https://openalex.org/W2037459754","https://openalex.org/W2050341732","https://openalex.org/W2050671100","https://openalex.org/W2051496880","https://openalex.org/W2056224626","https://openalex.org/W2061651935","https://openalex.org/W2065504581","https://openalex.org/W2082691821","https://openalex.org/W2085366382","https://openalex.org/W2097868335","https://openalex.org/W2106036951","https://openalex.org/W2109922806","https://openalex.org/W2130024041","https://openalex.org/W2139502395","https://openalex.org/W2141955620","https://openalex.org/W2142793738","https://openalex.org/W2144034381","https://openalex.org/W2147691550","https://openalex.org/W2147768086","https://openalex.org/W2148194150","https://openalex.org/W2158919856","https://openalex.org/W2162591179","https://openalex.org/W4247463058"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098023897","https://openalex.org/W2061583329","https://openalex.org/W2115355432","https://openalex.org/W7095804304","https://openalex.org/W2142793738","https://openalex.org/W2168744541","https://openalex.org/W2118948027","https://openalex.org/W3183275188","https://openalex.org/W2037459754","https://openalex.org/W2048208123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0,164],"used":[1],"the":[2,12,28,44,64,72,89,143,161],"terrorist":[3],"attacks":[4],"on":[5,22],"September":[6],"11,":[7],"2001":[8],"to":[9,133,149],"investigate":[10],"if":[11],"formation,":[13],"confidence,":[14],"and":[15,66,95,111,122,140,148,193],"nature":[16],"of":[17,32,43,49,78,93,173,182,190],"flashbulb":[18,33,154,167,183],"memories":[19,34,102,117,168],"were":[20,59,103,123],"dependent":[21],"age.":[23],"In":[24,142],"addition,":[25],"we":[26],"compared":[27],"consistency":[29],"over":[30,160],"time":[31,109],"with":[35],"event":[36,130,146],"memory,":[37,147,155],"i.e.,":[38],"widely":[39],"publicized":[40],"factual":[41],"details":[42],"event,":[45],"in":[46,112,157],"a":[47,76,150,170,187],"group":[48,77],"young":[50,94],"respondents.":[51],"College":[52],"students":[53],"(n=34,":[54],"M":[55,83],"age":[56,84,114],"24.8":[57],"yr.)":[58,86],"questioned":[60],"2":[61,68,162],"wk.":[62],"after":[63],"attack":[65],"again":[67],"mo.":[69,163],"later.":[70],"At":[71],"later":[73],"time,":[74],"also":[75,153],"healthy":[79],"elderly":[80],"respondents":[81],"(n=20,":[82],"70.5":[85],"was":[87,131],"asked":[88],"same":[90],"questions.":[91],"Performance":[92],"old":[96],"participants":[97],"did":[98],"not":[99],"differ.":[100],"Flashbulb":[101],"found":[104],"without":[105],"exception":[106],"for":[107,177],"both":[108,113],"periods":[110],"groups.":[115],"These":[116],"had":[118],"high":[119,138],"confidence":[120],"ratings":[121],"described":[124],"as":[125],"very":[126],"vivid.":[127],"The":[128,180],"original":[129],"judged":[132],"have":[134],"been":[135],"accompanied":[136],"by":[137],"emotion":[139],"rehearsal.":[141,194],"college":[144],"group,":[145],"smaller":[151],"extent":[152],"decreased":[156],"accuracy":[158],"already":[159],"conclude":[165],"that":[166],"are":[169],"special":[171,188],"case":[172],"normal":[174],"episodic":[175],"memory":[176],"emotional":[178,191],"events.":[179],"creation":[181],"memories,":[184],"however,":[185],"requires":[186],"scenario":[189],"arousal":[192]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
