{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136166192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","title":"A rose is a rose or a nose: A deficit in initial letter identification","display_name":"A rose is a rose or a nose: A deficit in initial letter identification","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136166192","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","mag":"2136166192"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1080/02643299008253451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81120478","display_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0264-3294","issn":["0264-3294","1464-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031509032","display_name":"Karalyn E. Patterson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-7424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1927-7424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I241749","display_name":"University of Cambridge","ror":"https://ror.org/013meh722","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I90344618","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517","country_code":"GB","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087105","https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karalyn Patterson","raw_affiliation_strings":["M.R.C. Applied Psychology Unit","Medical Research Council","M.R.C. Applied Psychology Unit , 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB22EF, U.K","Medical Research Council , Cambridge, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"M.R.C. Applied Psychology Unit","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Council","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90344618"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"M.R.C. Applied Psychology Unit , 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB22EF, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I241749"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Medical Research Council , Cambridge, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I90344618"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111935357","display_name":"Barbara Ann Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-1274","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1821-1274"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I43439940","display_name":"University of Southampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01ryk1543","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Southampton","University of Southampton , Southampton, U.K"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Southampton , Southampton, U.K","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I43439940"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2408,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":69,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89380278,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"5-6","first_page":"447","last_page":"477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10103","display_name":"Reading and Literacy Development","score":0.9556000232696533,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.03240000084042549,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12608","display_name":"Spatial Neglect and Hemispheric Dysfunction","score":0.006899999920278788,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/letter-recognition","display_name":"letter recognition","score":0.7110000252723694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-recognition","display_name":"word recognition","score":0.7929999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homonymous-hemianopia","display_name":"homonymous hemianopia","score":0.7889999747276306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lexical-constraints","display_name":"lexical constraints","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/initial-letters","display_name":"initial letters","score":0.46700000762939453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/single-word-reading","display_name":"single word reading","score":0.7099999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visuospatial-neglect","display_name":"visuospatial neglect","score":0.7900000214576721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading-disabilities","display_name":"reading disorders","score":0.35499998927116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-word-recognition","display_name":"visual word recognition","score":0.41999998688697815}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.6905124187469482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778335665","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155211","display_name":"Rose (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6682372093200684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994428975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word identification","level":4,"score":0.6458339691162109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779918689","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3771842","display_name":"Stimulus (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5967974066734314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.47763481736183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.4502772390842438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44061076641082764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780861071","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062934","display_name":"Character (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4325188398361206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.42523714900016785},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2987518239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1080497","display_name":"Right hemisphere","level":2,"score":0.41951999068260193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.3568878173828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150856459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8034367","display_name":"Word recognition","level":3,"score":0.3448130488395691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.34113654494285583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.328747034072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46312422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11024","display_name":"Communication","level":1,"score":0.328355073928833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.26989316940307617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1729118525981903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1210162341594696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.09422117471694946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.061112046241760254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1080/02643299008253451","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1080/02643299008253451","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S81120478","display_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","issn_l":"0264-3294","issn":["0264-3294","1464-0627"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","erih-plus","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320547","host_organization_name":"Taylor & Francis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320547","https://openalex.org/P4310320449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Taylor & Francis","Informa"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Cognitive Neuropsychology","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality education","score":0.8899999856948853}],"study_designs":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/study-designs/case-report","display_name":"Case Report"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1503404806","https://openalex.org/W1522435878","https://openalex.org/W1795128839","https://openalex.org/W1989306084","https://openalex.org/W1996822169","https://openalex.org/W2007780422","https://openalex.org/W2008762028","https://openalex.org/W2016406972","https://openalex.org/W2018577355","https://openalex.org/W2022049171","https://openalex.org/W2023372216","https://openalex.org/W2030831236","https://openalex.org/W2038015328","https://openalex.org/W2040044497","https://openalex.org/W2056541120","https://openalex.org/W2056626287","https://openalex.org/W2058271863","https://openalex.org/W2073257493","https://openalex.org/W2076154802","https://openalex.org/W2086240037","https://openalex.org/W2106645521","https://openalex.org/W2118615250","https://openalex.org/W2122533673","https://openalex.org/W2135298421","https://openalex.org/W2166519220","https://openalex.org/W2167892944","https://openalex.org/W2772874006","https://openalex.org/W3035754836","https://openalex.org/W4253020087","https://openalex.org/W4253485949"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2167892944","https://openalex.org/W2114136150","https://openalex.org/W2444312565","https://openalex.org/W2170004682","https://openalex.org/W2018542646","https://openalex.org/W2063272873","https://openalex.org/W2088298955","https://openalex.org/W2074922069","https://openalex.org/W4255170999","https://openalex.org/W2040155314"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"describe":[1],"the":[2,39,43,64,108],"letter":[3,86],"and":[4,20,102,137,147],"word":[5,33,56],"identification":[6],"performance":[7,22,79],"of":[8,38,51,114,125,134,151],"a":[9,12,16,55,83],"patient":[10,93],"with":[11,67,82,129],"posterior":[13],"left-hemisphere":[14],"lesion,":[15],"right":[17],"homonymous":[18],"hemianopia,":[19],"unimpaired":[21],"on":[23,63],"tests":[24],"for":[25],"visuo-spatial":[26],"neglect.":[27],"His":[28],"frequent":[29],"errors":[30,96],"in":[31,97,111,122,142],"single":[32,99],"reading":[34,135],"were":[35,140],"almost":[36],"all":[37],"variety":[40,133],"suggested":[41],"by":[42,60],"title,":[44],"i.e.":[45],"rose":[46,70],"\u2192":[47],"\u201cnose\u201d.":[48],"The":[49,92],"likelihood":[50],"his":[52],"correctly":[53],"identifying":[54,98],"was":[57,103],"significantly":[58],"affected":[59],"lexical":[61],"constraints":[62],"initial":[65,109],"letter,":[66],"words":[68,81,126],"like":[69],"(_ose":[71],"can":[72,88],"be":[73,90],"many":[74],"different":[75],"words)":[76],"yielding":[77],"lower":[78],"than":[80],"unique":[84],"first":[85],"(_oap":[87],"only":[89],"soap).":[91],"also":[94],"made":[95],"isolated":[100],"letters,":[101],"particularly":[104],"likely":[105],"to":[106,145],"misidentify":[107],"character":[110],"random":[112],"strings":[113,128],"letters.":[115],"By":[116],"striking":[117],"contrast,":[118],"he":[119],"identified":[120],"letters":[121],"positions":[123],"2-N":[124],"or":[127],"good":[130],"accuracy.":[131],"A":[132],"tasks":[136],"stimulus":[138],"types":[139],"employed":[141],"an":[143],"attempt":[144],"characterise":[146],"understand":[148],"this":[149],"pattern":[150],"performance.":[152]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}