{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2136138078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","title":"The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and the design of language tests: A matter of effect","display_name":"The Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and the design of language tests: A matter of effect","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-06-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2136138078","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","mag":"2136138078"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0261444807004351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114504424","display_name":"Language Teaching","issn_l":"0261-4448","issn":["0261-4448","1475-3049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022568050","display_name":"Fred Davidson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fred Davidson","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109211602","display_name":"Glenn Fulcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1668","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4801-1668"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I153648349","display_name":"University of Leicester","ror":"https://ror.org/04h699437","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Fulcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["The University of Leicester, UK","The University of Leicester, UK gf39@le.ac.uk"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"The University of Leicester, UK gf39@le.ac.uk","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I153648349"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3550,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3550},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":14.4053,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98384897,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"3","first_page":"231","last_page":"241"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9199000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10021","display_name":"EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning","score":0.9199000000953674,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12542","display_name":"Second Language Learning and Teaching","score":0.01549999974668026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1208","display_name":"Literature and Literary Theory"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11587","display_name":"Second Language Acquisition and Learning","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/common-european-framework-of-reference-for-languages","display_name":"Common European Framework of Reference for Languages","score":0.9950000047683716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-development","display_name":"test development","score":0.5910000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service-encounters","display_name":"service encounters","score":0.6449999809265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/a1-level","display_name":"A1 level","score":0.5649999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test-specifications","display_name":"test specifications","score":0.6380000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-proficiency-descriptors","display_name":"language proficiency descriptors","score":0.6589999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6533079147338867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6501556038856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776540713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7800647","display_name":"Ticket","level":2,"score":0.4887685477733612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.46388891339302063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.4474586546421051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.43161484599113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4276597797870636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.4132829010486603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3932546377182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12165883183479309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.11041560769081116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1017/s0261444807004351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1017/s0261444807004351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S114504424","display_name":"Language Teaching","issn_l":"0261-4448","issn":["0261-4448","1475-3049"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","erih-plus","jufo-3","norway-2","poland-200","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311721","host_organization_name":"Cambridge University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311721","https://openalex.org/P4310311702"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Cambridge University Press","University of Cambridge"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Language Teaching","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.4156000018119812,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[{"display_name":"Quality education","score":0.6499999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W578503986","https://openalex.org/W629557400","https://openalex.org/W649026942","https://openalex.org/W1487923672","https://openalex.org/W1963679057","https://openalex.org/W1966104815","https://openalex.org/W2064264850","https://openalex.org/W2072404599","https://openalex.org/W2080978458","https://openalex.org/W2088400254","https://openalex.org/W2125695374","https://openalex.org/W2153970289","https://openalex.org/W2161923856","https://openalex.org/W2320386680","https://openalex.org/W2970761611","https://openalex.org/W3126881242"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7098611240","https://openalex.org/W2153514931","https://openalex.org/W7060800647","https://openalex.org/W2000465914","https://openalex.org/W4231531083","https://openalex.org/W7205083619","https://openalex.org/W2064264850","https://openalex.org/W2196354881","https://openalex.org/W2775353289","https://openalex.org/W7010310868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Language":[0],"test":[1,15,45,90,117],"development":[2,16],"proceeds":[3],"best":[4],"when":[5],"the":[6,14,21,25,36,68,71,99,102],"test's":[7],"effect":[8,94],"is":[9,95,104],"borne":[10],"in":[11,67,83,97],"mind,":[12,98],"throughout":[13],"process.":[17],"The":[18],"authors":[19,100],"discuss":[20],"flexible":[22],"language":[23,41,44,60,116],"of":[24,29,39,87],"Common":[26],"European":[27],"Framework":[28],"Reference":[30],"for":[31,115],"Languages":[32],"(CEFR)":[33],"and":[34],"explore":[35],"pragmatic":[37],"utility":[38],"such":[40],"to":[42,63],"guide":[43],"development.":[46,118],"They":[47],"select":[48],"service":[49,75],"encounters":[50],"(e.g.":[51],"airline":[52],"ticket":[53],"sales,":[54],"open-air":[55],"markets)":[56],"as":[57],"a":[58,84,88,106],"sample":[59],"use":[61],"domain":[62],"illustrate":[64],"demonstrable":[65],"weaknesses":[66],"Framework.":[69],"Using":[70],"CEFR":[72,103],"Level":[73],"A1":[74],"encounter":[76],"descriptor,":[77],"suggested":[78],"testing":[79],"materials":[80],"are":[81],"shown":[82],"versioned":[85],"evolution":[86],"proposed":[89],"specification.":[91],"Provided":[92],"that":[93],"kept":[96],"argue,":[101],"actually":[105],"valuable":[107],"\u2013":[108,112],"even":[109],"an":[110],"optimistic":[111],"starting":[113],"point":[114]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-09-26T08:19:03.415552","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
