{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135776000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","title":"Incorporation of Isotopically Labeled Cocaine into Human Hair: Race as a Factor","display_name":"Incorporation of Isotopically Labeled Cocaine into Human Hair: Race as a Factor","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-03-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135776000","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","mag":"2135776000","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9547413"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jat/22.2.156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140972820","display_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","issn_l":"0146-4760","issn":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078036543","display_name":"Gary L. Henderson","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"G. L. Henderson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616 USA","Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis 95616 USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056381800","display_name":"Martha R. Harkey","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. R. Harkey","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085516419","display_name":"C. Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7376-588X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7376-588X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I84218800","display_name":"University of California, Davis","ror":"https://ror.org/05rrcem69","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, California 95616","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010373497","display_name":"R. T. Jones","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. T. Jones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Langley Porter Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Langley Porter Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050586835","display_name":"Peyton Jacob","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-2775","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3366-2775"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180670191","display_name":"University of California, San Francisco","ror":"https://ror.org/043mz5j54","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P. Jacob","raw_affiliation_strings":["Langley Porter Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Langley Porter Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180670191"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5078036543"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I84218800"],"apc_list":{"value":4823,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4823},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.907,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95009186,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"156","last_page":"165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10800","display_name":"Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3005","display_name":"Toxicology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10375","display_name":"Pharmacogenetics and Drug Metabolism","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3004","display_name":"Pharmacology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/30","display_name":"Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10751","display_name":"Forensic and Genetic Research","score":0.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1311","display_name":"Genetics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cocaine","display_name":"cocaine","score":0.9390000104904175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/race","display_name":"race","score":0.5410000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/racial-differences","display_name":"racial differences","score":0.7089999914169312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hair-analysis","display_name":"hair analysis","score":0.460999995470047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drug-metabolism","display_name":"drug metabolism","score":0.35899999737739563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777537440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2499888","display_name":"Benzoylecgonine","level":3,"score":0.976760983467102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777288759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4164182","display_name":"Dosing","level":2,"score":0.6041101813316345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q904217","display_name":"Hair analysis","level":3,"score":0.587303876876831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778515351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9622","display_name":"Scalp","level":2,"score":0.5553252696990967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992985364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1922956","display_name":"Black hair","level":2,"score":0.5329599976539612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020194580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41576","display_name":"Cocaine use","level":2,"score":0.5327503681182861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779805795","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645189","display_name":"Cabello","level":3,"score":0.47675925493240356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.4467320740222931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42407357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q521","display_name":"Physiology","level":1,"score":0.3739253878593445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.356224000453949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32743749022483826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.28322118520736694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780026642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40924","display_name":"Urine","level":2,"score":0.20165273547172546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.15006008744239807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16005928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171171","display_name":"Dermatology","level":1,"score":0.09689739346504211},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.08227807283401489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000281","descriptor_name":"Administration, Intranasal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003042","descriptor_name":"Cocaine","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003042","descriptor_name":"Cocaine","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003903","descriptor_name":"Deuterium","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006197","descriptor_name":"Hair","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007553","descriptor_name":"Isotope Labeling","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008401","descriptor_name":"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015813","descriptor_name":"Substance Abuse Detection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019966","descriptor_name":"Substance-Related Disorders","qualifier_ui":"Q000378","qualifier_name":"metabolism","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044383","descriptor_name":"Black People","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044465","descriptor_name":"White People","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jat/22.2.156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/22.2.156","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S140972820","display_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","issn_l":"0146-4760","issn":["0146-4760","1945-2403"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","dongbi-b","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Analytical Toxicology","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:9547413","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9547413","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of analytical toxicology","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8048999905586243}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2311627885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"K05 DA00053","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2672458063","display_name":"DRUG DEPENDENCE CLINICAL RESEARCH PROGRAM","funder_award_id":"5p50da001696-18","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3436013592","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA-01696","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4984488928","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA082228","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8102641433","display_name":"NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY OF ALTERED CONSCIOUSNESS","funder_award_id":"5k05da000053-30","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W97599236","https://openalex.org/W236195804","https://openalex.org/W1862210571","https://openalex.org/W1978717299","https://openalex.org/W1992485643","https://openalex.org/W2001226629","https://openalex.org/W2003745924","https://openalex.org/W2017598594","https://openalex.org/W2023008748","https://openalex.org/W2037851129","https://openalex.org/W2040273610","https://openalex.org/W2050484649","https://openalex.org/W2054207576","https://openalex.org/W2057689951","https://openalex.org/W2069155261","https://openalex.org/W2083520934","https://openalex.org/W2106904964","https://openalex.org/W2109413910","https://openalex.org/W2140014328","https://openalex.org/W2144450838","https://openalex.org/W2171838979","https://openalex.org/W2237610847","https://openalex.org/W2409526982","https://openalex.org/W2418348392","https://openalex.org/W2524068540"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130148031","https://openalex.org/W7099757550","https://openalex.org/W1970754489","https://openalex.org/W2312257074","https://openalex.org/W3176544675","https://openalex.org/W2013113697","https://openalex.org/W2111632345","https://openalex.org/W2600684495","https://openalex.org/W1989998301","https://openalex.org/W2171838979"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,146],"order":[1],"to":[2,25,41,63,167],"evaluate":[3],"race":[4],"as":[5,115],"a":[6,118,202],"possible":[7],"factor":[8],"affecting":[9],"the":[10,86,95,101,108,126,139,143,149,174,190,206,214,221],"incorporation":[11,207],"of":[12,82,88,97,103,117,148,173,208,220],"drugs":[13],"into":[14,210],"human":[15,211],"hair,":[16],"2":[17],"mg/kg":[18],"deuterium-labeled":[19],"cocaine":[20,110,209],"(cocaine-d5)":[21],"was":[22,186],"administered":[23],"intranasally":[24],"nine":[26],"male":[27],"non-Caucasian":[28,90,150,175],"volunteers":[29],"under":[30,112],"controlled":[31],"laboratory":[32],"conditions.":[33],"Sequential":[34],"blood":[35],"samples":[36,47,67],"were":[37,48,68,92,165],"collected":[38,49],"for":[39,61,75],"up":[40,62],"three":[42],"days,":[43],"and":[44,52,57,77],"scalp":[45],"hair":[46,87,102,137,157,177],"at":[50,58,178,189],"24":[51,159],"72":[53],"h":[54,160],"after":[55,161,181],"dosing":[56,182],"monthly":[59],"intervals":[60],"12":[64],"months.":[65],"The":[66,80,123,193],"then":[69],"analyzed":[70],"by":[71],"gas":[72],"chromatography-mass":[73],"spectrometry":[74],"cocaine-d5":[76,83,98,134,152,170,185],"benzoylegonine-d5":[78],"(BZE-d5).":[79],"amounts":[81,96],"found":[84,99],"in":[85,100,125,135,142,156,171,187,205],"these":[89,196],"subjects":[91,105,141],"compared":[93],"with":[94],"Caucasian":[104,140],"who":[106],"received":[107],"same":[109],"dose":[111],"identical":[113],"conditions":[114],"part":[116],"study":[119,128],"we":[120,164],"reported":[121],"previously.":[122],"non-Caucasians":[124],"present":[127],"had":[129],"approximately":[130],"2.7":[131],"times":[132],"more":[133],"their":[136],"than":[138],"earlier":[144],"study.":[145],"five":[147],"subjects,":[151],"could":[153],"be":[154,201],"detected":[155],"within":[158],"dosing.":[162],"Curiously,":[163],"unable":[166],"detect":[168],"any":[169,179],"one":[172],"subject's":[176],"time":[180],"even":[183],"though":[184],"plasma":[188],"expected":[191],"levels.":[192],"results":[194],"from":[195],"studies":[197],"suggest":[198],"there":[199],"may":[200],"racial":[203],"bias":[204],"hair;":[212],"however,":[213],"data":[215],"are":[216],"not":[217],"conclusive":[218],"because":[219],"relatively":[222],"small":[223],"sample":[224],"size.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-10-31T12:09:11.096373","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}