{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135453239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","title":"Performance\u2010Enhancing Drugs on the Web: A Growing Public\u2010Health Issue","display_name":"Performance\u2010Enhancing Drugs on the Web: A Growing Public\u2010Health Issue","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135453239","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","mag":"2135453239","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23414502","pmcid":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3578418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134700381","display_name":"American Journal on Addictions","issn_l":"1055-0496","issn":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Journal on Addictions","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3578418","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019789422","display_name":"Brian P. Brennan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-6552","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5468-6552"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801148111","display_name":"McLean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kta7d96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian P. Brennan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088469671","display_name":"Gen Kanayama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6051","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1587-6051"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801148111","display_name":"McLean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kta7d96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gen Kanayama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005998157","display_name":"Harrison Graham Pope","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-6439","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1298-6439"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801148111","display_name":"McLean Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/01kta7d96","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Harrison G. Pope","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biological Psychiatry Laboratory McLean Hospital Belmont, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801148111"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Psychiatry Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3920,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3920},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":20.5783,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":79,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99111618,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"2","first_page":"158","last_page":"161"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12700","display_name":"Doping in Sports","score":0.9394999742507935,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10737","display_name":"Health Literacy and Information Accessibility","score":0.014999999664723873,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12878","display_name":"Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting","score":0.009200000204145908,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/performance-enhancing-drugs","display_name":"performance-enhancing drugs","score":0.9660000205039978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anabolic-androgenic-steroids","display_name":"anabolic steroids","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/online-drug-advertising","display_name":"online drug advertising","score":0.6790000200271606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/illicit-drug-sales","display_name":"illicit drug sales","score":0.39899998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information-quality","display_name":"health information quality","score":0.4399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bodybuilding","display_name":"bodybuilding","score":0.4959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cattle-implants","display_name":"cattle implants","score":0.718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinician-awareness","display_name":"clinician awareness","score":0.7450000047683716}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.6894922256469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777617010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18957","display_name":"Mainstream","level":2,"score":0.651229202747345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108827166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975","display_name":"Internet privacy","level":1,"score":0.48642587661743164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.45473700761795044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.44053155183792114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46295352","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207982","display_name":"Legitimacy","level":3,"score":0.43552589416503906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.3441728353500366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39549134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q133080","display_name":"Public relations","level":1,"score":0.33399200439453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.2293657660484314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.12899929285049438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.1254071295261383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011634","descriptor_name":"Public Health","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020407","descriptor_name":"Internet","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054626","descriptor_name":"Consumer Health Information","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058573","descriptor_name":"Performance-Enhancing Substances","qualifier_ui":"Q000191","qualifier_name":"economics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058573","descriptor_name":"Performance-Enhancing Substances","qualifier_ui":"Q000600","qualifier_name":"supply & distribution","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1521-0391.2013.00311.x","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S134700381","display_name":"American Journal on Addictions","issn_l":"1055-0496","issn":["1055-0496","1521-0391"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","doyens","jufo-1","medline","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-2"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320595","host_organization_name":"Wiley","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320595"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Wiley"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American Journal on Addictions","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23414502","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23414502","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The American journal on addictions","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2919073","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3578418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3578418","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3578418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Am J Addict","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2919073","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3578418","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.7950999736785889,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1711390654","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"DA\u2010029141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3045370346","display_name":"Medical Consequences of Long-Term Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Abuse","funder_award_id":"R01DA029141","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4674044772","display_name":"Drug Abuse Research Training Program","funder_award_id":"T32DA007252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337347","display_name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","ror":"https://ror.org/00fq5cm18"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W96293695","https://openalex.org/W1921017389","https://openalex.org/W1991565302","https://openalex.org/W1993622967","https://openalex.org/W2020229546","https://openalex.org/W2049950413","https://openalex.org/W2052082529","https://openalex.org/W2065367797","https://openalex.org/W2070409077","https://openalex.org/W2083321104","https://openalex.org/W2105245088","https://openalex.org/W2130414446","https://openalex.org/W2134500226","https://openalex.org/W2150654093","https://openalex.org/W2154896236","https://openalex.org/W2171719429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2105245088","https://openalex.org/W2075656455","https://openalex.org/W2376314602","https://openalex.org/W2892543751","https://openalex.org/W2337413836","https://openalex.org/W3193906805","https://openalex.org/W7139980644","https://openalex.org/W2090013533","https://openalex.org/W4386843473","https://openalex.org/W4389301797"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND":[0],"AND":[1,176],"OBJECTIVES:":[2],"Today's":[3],"Internet":[4,33,39,90],"provides":[5],"extensive":[6],"\"underground\"":[7],"guidelines":[8,153],"for":[9,61,135,154,182],"obtaining":[10],"and":[11,20,23,45,63,80,108,123,132,203],"using":[12],"illicit":[13],"substances,":[14],"including":[15],"especially":[16],"anabolic-androgenic":[17],"steroids":[18,47],"(AAS)":[19],"other":[21,109,133],"appearance-":[22],"performance-enhancing":[24],"drugs":[25,60],"(APEDs).":[26],"We":[27,36,71,101],"attempted":[28],"to":[29,49,84,171,184],"qualitatively":[30],"characterize":[31],"APED-related":[32],"sites.":[34,147],"METHODS:":[35],"used":[37],"relevant":[38],"search":[40],"terms":[41],"(eg,":[42],"\"steroids":[43],"bodybuilding\"":[44],"\"buy":[46],"online\")":[48],"assess":[50],"(i)":[51],"the":[52,65,74,86,97,121,188],"numbers":[53],"of":[54,59,67,76,88,104,125,130,141,157,187,190,205],"site":[55],"visitors;":[56],"(ii)":[57],"offers":[58],"sale;":[62],"(iii)":[64],"quality":[66],"online":[68],"medical":[69,98,127,139],"information.":[70],"also":[72],"chose":[73],"examples":[75],"(iv)":[77],"\"site-enhancing":[78],"oils\"":[79],"(v)":[81],"\"cattle":[82],"implants\"":[83],"illustrate":[85],"volume":[87],"available":[89],"information":[91],"as":[92],"compared":[93],"with":[94,138,163],"that":[95],"in":[96],"literature.":[99],"RESULTS:":[100],"found":[102],"thousands":[103],"sites":[105,112,150],"involving":[106],"AAS":[107,131],"APEDs.":[110,206],"Most":[111],"presented":[113],"an":[114],"unabashedly":[115],"pro-drug":[116],"position,":[117],"often":[118],"openly":[119],"questioning":[120],"qualifications":[122],"motivations":[124],"mainstream":[126],"practitioners.":[128],"Offers":[129],"APEDs":[134],"sale,":[136],"together":[137],"advice":[140],"varying":[142],"legitimacy,":[143],"was":[144],"widespread":[145],"across":[146],"Importantly,":[148],"many":[149],"provided":[151],"detailed":[152],"exotic":[155],"forms":[156],"APED":[158],"use,":[159],"some":[160],"likely":[161],"associated":[162],"serious":[164],"health":[165],"risks,":[166],"which":[167,194],"are":[168],"probably":[169],"unknown":[170],"most":[172],"practicing":[173],"clinicians.":[174],"CONCLUSIONS":[175],"SCIENTIFIC":[177],"SIGNIFICANCE:":[178],"It":[179],"seems":[180],"important":[181],"practitioners":[183],"be":[185],"aware":[186],"extent":[189],"this":[191],"\"underground":[192],"literature,\"":[193],"may":[195],"strongly":[196],"influence":[197],"their":[198],"patients'":[199],"decisions":[200],"about":[201],"use":[202],"abuse":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-01T11:40:01.658920","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}