{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135346940","doi":null,"title":"On Being Dependent or Independent in Computer Based Learning Environments.","display_name":"On Being Dependent or Independent in Computer Based Learning Environments.","publication_year":2004,"publication_date":"2004-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135346940","mag":"2135346940"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/6324","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/6324","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/6324/1/2004001877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/6324/1/2004001877.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034266544","display_name":"Boris Handal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-6390","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-6390"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","display_name":"University of Technology Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03f0f6041","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Boris Handal","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Technology - Sydney#TAB#"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4745-6390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Technology - Sydney#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077862436","display_name":"Anthony J. Herrington","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204824540","display_name":"University of Wollongong","ror":"https://ror.org/00jtmb277","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Herrington","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Wollongong"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Wollongong","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204824540"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.1316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83863893,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"2","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11820","display_name":"Learning Styles and Cognitive Differences","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11516","display_name":"Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes","score":0.0003000000142492354,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10162","display_name":"Online and Blended Learning","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-dependence","display_name":"field dependence","score":0.9319999814033508},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field-independence","display_name":"field independence","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-style","display_name":"cognitive style","score":0.9240000247955322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-styles","display_name":"learning styles","score":0.8899999856948853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-assisted-instruction","display_name":"computer-assisted instruction","score":0.7839999794960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypermedia-learning-environments","display_name":"hypermedia learning environments","score":0.9020000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/individual-differences-in-learning","display_name":"individual differences in learning","score":0.9679999947547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instructional-design","display_name":"instructional design","score":0.7580000162124634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exploratory-learning","display_name":"exploratory learning","score":0.6620000004768372}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780126544","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837900","display_name":"Hypermedia","level":2,"score":0.8506283164024353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150681269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2380771","display_name":"Cognitive style","level":3,"score":0.7098473310470581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6371357440948486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6345771551132202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.6257131099700928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5870391726493835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91751843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5446984","display_name":"Field dependence","level":3,"score":0.4912874102592468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.4292791485786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159456220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q667334","display_name":"Instructional design","level":2,"score":0.4262336492538452},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2909807104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068473","display_name":"Computer-Assisted Instruction","level":2,"score":0.41950327157974243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61641136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107019","display_name":"Cognitive load","level":3,"score":0.4195016622543335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.41581711173057556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3325349688529968},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.323486328125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/6324","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/6324","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/6324/1/2004001877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.1034.5145","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1034.5145","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/6324/1/2004001877.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2135346940","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ850352.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:opus.lib.uts.edu.au:10453/6324","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10453/6324","pdf_url":"https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/6324/1/2004001877.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401357","display_name":"UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I114017466","host_organization_name":"University of Technology Sydney","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114017466"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.9235000014305115,"display_name":"Quality education"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2135346940.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2135346940.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W44895083","https://openalex.org/W105964262","https://openalex.org/W155737798","https://openalex.org/W180233543","https://openalex.org/W243634626","https://openalex.org/W625414466","https://openalex.org/W1490875266","https://openalex.org/W1514657204","https://openalex.org/W1519256668","https://openalex.org/W1528273163","https://openalex.org/W1531454397","https://openalex.org/W1535146735","https://openalex.org/W1550232961","https://openalex.org/W1562658656","https://openalex.org/W1585889185","https://openalex.org/W1761828760","https://openalex.org/W1887813563","https://openalex.org/W1964036381","https://openalex.org/W1981468860","https://openalex.org/W2005861622","https://openalex.org/W2012047984","https://openalex.org/W2012155901","https://openalex.org/W2036480539","https://openalex.org/W2046700103","https://openalex.org/W2056786171","https://openalex.org/W2127839526","https://openalex.org/W2142069588","https://openalex.org/W2153362108","https://openalex.org/W2171301064","https://openalex.org/W2294567009","https://openalex.org/W2767925796","https://openalex.org/W3128690923","https://openalex.org/W3134136976"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W7100792467","https://openalex.org/W2892063100","https://openalex.org/W4255675674","https://openalex.org/W7099178413","https://openalex.org/W2596749635","https://openalex.org/W2742101907","https://openalex.org/W6981337824","https://openalex.org/W1970875028","https://openalex.org/W2415187699","https://openalex.org/W2046700103"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,36],"paper":[1,82],"critically":[2],"examines":[3],"the":[4,15,41,44,81,180,184,228,241],"concepts":[5],"of":[6,17,43,49,63,68,86,156,182,224,243],"field":[7,10,33,53,244,248],"dependent":[8,54],"and":[9,46,60,74,97,107,169,176,187,247],"independent":[11,34],"cognitive":[12,159,188],"styles":[13,147,160,189],"within":[14],"context":[16],"computer-based":[18],"instruction.":[19,64],"The":[20,216],"literature":[21,218],"suggests":[22],"that":[23,141,205],"hypermedia":[24,50,79],"instructional":[25],"environments":[26],"are":[27],"more":[28,58],"likely":[29],"to":[30,194,226],"engage":[31],"cognitively":[32],"learners.":[35],"active":[37],"engagement":[38],"may":[39],"be":[40,135,191],"result":[42],"non-structured":[45],"explorative":[47],"nature":[48],"environments,":[51,80],"whereas":[52],"learners":[55],"prefer":[56],"a":[57,66,84,104,139],"prescriptive":[59],"linear":[61],"style":[62,72],"Following":[65],"review":[67],"both":[69],"these":[70,235],"learning":[71,111,146,157,186],"constructs":[73],"research":[75,217],"studies":[76,117],"associated":[77],"with":[78,89,240],"provides":[83],"summary":[85],"implications":[87],"together":[88],"potential":[90],"avenues":[91],"for":[92],"future":[93],"research.":[94],"Field":[95,98],"Dependence":[96],"Independence":[99],"Each":[100],"student":[101],"learns":[102],"in":[103,110,115,130,137,219,231],"different":[105,131,145,229],"way":[106,140],"individual":[108,207],"differences":[109],"have":[112,161],"been":[113,124,162],"corroborated":[114],"many":[116],"(cf.,":[118],"Yu-ping":[119],"Hsiao,":[120],"1997).":[121],"It":[122],"has":[123],"argued":[125],"that,":[126],"given":[127],"students":[128],"learn":[129],"ways,":[132],"instruction":[133],"should":[134],"designed":[136],"such":[138,166],"it":[142],"can":[143],"accommodate":[144],"(Raven,":[148],"Cano,":[149],"Garton,":[150],"&":[151,213],"Shelhamer,":[152],"1993).":[153,215],"Several":[154],"classifications":[155],"and/or":[158],"proposed":[163],"by":[164],"authors":[165],"as":[167],"Dunn":[168,170],"(1978),":[171],"Felder":[172],"(2000),":[173],"Gardner":[174],"(1993)":[175],"Kolb":[177],"(1984).":[178],"For":[179],"sake":[181],"brevity,":[183],"terms":[185,225],"will":[190],"used":[192],"interchangeably":[193],"denote":[195],"aptitudes,":[196],"regular":[197],"mental":[198,203],"behaviours,":[199],"traits,":[200],"habits":[201],"or":[202],"tasks":[204],"an":[206,222],"displays":[208],"under":[209],"problem-solving":[210],"situations":[211],"(Jonassen":[212],"Grabowski,":[214],"education":[220],"offers":[221],"array":[223],"distinguish":[227],"ways":[230],"which":[232],"individuals":[233],"display":[234],"aptitudes":[236],"(cf.":[237],"McLoughlin,":[238],"1999)":[239],"dimensions":[242],"dependence":[245],"(FD)":[246],"independence":[249],"(FT)being":[250],"prominent.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-11-04T10:54:05.112534","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}