{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134950752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","title":"Carbon as Investment Risk\u2014The Influence of Fossil Fuel Divestment on Decision Making at Germany\u2019s Main Power Providers","display_name":"Carbon as Investment Risk\u2014The Influence of Fossil Fuel Divestment on Decision Making at Germany\u2019s Main Power Providers","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-09-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134950752","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","mag":"2134950752"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en8099620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/pdf?version=1441271332","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/pdf?version=1441271332","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057174712","display_name":"Dagmar Kiyar","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20696738","display_name":"Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/01spy4t79","country_code":"DE","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20696738"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dagmar Kiyar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, D\u00f6ppersberg 19, 42103 Wuppertal, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy, D\u00f6ppersberg 19, 42103 Wuppertal, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20696738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031966646","display_name":"Bettina B. F. Wittneben","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67415387","display_name":"Lancaster University","ror":"https://ror.org/04f2nsd36","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bettina Wittneben","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK","Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YX, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QY, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pentland Centre for Sustainability in Business, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YX, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67415387"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5057174712"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20696738"],"apc_list":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"apc_paid":{"value":2600,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":3137},"fwci":3.0279,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91910392,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"8","issue":"9","first_page":"9620","last_page":"9639"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13146","display_name":"Sustainable Finance and Green Bonds","score":0.7782999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13146","display_name":"Sustainable Finance and Green Bonds","score":0.7782999873161316,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10471","display_name":"Climate Change Policy and Economics","score":0.09430000185966492,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12271","display_name":"Renewable energy and sustainable power systems","score":0.03150000050663948,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fossil-fuel-divestment","display_name":"fossil fuel divestment","score":0.9980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business-strategy","display_name":"business strategy","score":0.5600000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/e-on","display_name":"E.ON","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rwe","display_name":"RWE","score":1.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vattenfall","display_name":"Vattenfall","score":0.9990000128746033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enbw","display_name":"EnBW","score":0.9959999918937683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change","display_name":"climate change","score":0.43700000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment-risk","display_name":"investment risk","score":0.625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-decision-making","display_name":"corporate decision-making","score":0.5320000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy-transition","display_name":"energy transition","score":0.6179999709129333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181190989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1200733","display_name":"Divestment","level":2,"score":0.9847381711006165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154775046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188","display_name":"German","level":2,"score":0.6024311780929565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C206658404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12725","display_name":"Electricity","level":2,"score":0.5087404847145081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778865806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6060850","display_name":"Investment decisions","level":3,"score":0.4730759561061859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4609085023403168},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780821815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5340806","display_name":"Portfolio","level":2,"score":0.4569322466850281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68189081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12748","display_name":"Fossil fuel","level":2,"score":0.4531658887863159},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34447519","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179522","display_name":"Market economy","level":1,"score":0.45062851905822754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.4235304594039917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.3661569356918335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175605778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3299701","display_name":"Natural resource economics","level":1,"score":0.34362518787384033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.27179062366485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20220401883125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548081761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388","display_name":"Waste management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109574028","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q647525","display_name":"Behavioral economics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/en8099620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/pdf?version=1441271332","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.697.505","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.697.505","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/pdf/","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:RePEc:gam:jeners:v:8:y:2015:i:9:p:9620-9639:d:55265","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401271","display_name":"RePEc: Research Papers in Economics","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I77793887","host_organization_name":"Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I77793887"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:61d567d4bf0b419da2a37daef8654ea6","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/61d567d4bf0b419da2a37daef8654ea6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Energies, Vol 8, Iss 9, Pp 9620-9639 (2015)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:epub.wupperinst.org:6004","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bsz:wup4-opus-60041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401827","display_name":"Publication Server of the Wuppertal Institute (Wuppertal Institute)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I20696738","host_organization_name":"Wuppertal Institute for Climate, Environment and Energy","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20696738"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/en8099620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en8099620","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/8/9/9620/pdf?version=1441271332","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S198098182","display_name":"Energies","issn_l":"1996-1073","issn":["1996-1073"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-class-a","anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1","poland-140","russia-white-list-2","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Energies","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":1.0,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13","display_name":"Climate action"},{"score":0.9090999960899353,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309606","display_name":"Vattenfall","ror":"https://ror.org/028v4fg64"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2134950752.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2134950752.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W108545768","https://openalex.org/W269145171","https://openalex.org/W629597170","https://openalex.org/W1540982571","https://openalex.org/W2079300606","https://openalex.org/W2158301425","https://openalex.org/W2170902211","https://openalex.org/W2212671616","https://openalex.org/W2486731654","https://openalex.org/W2490147159","https://openalex.org/W2955985366","https://openalex.org/W3173082138","https://openalex.org/W4229682555","https://openalex.org/W6750226495"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3124477812","https://openalex.org/W7019339117","https://openalex.org/W2470922139","https://openalex.org/W6977446099","https://openalex.org/W4404667971","https://openalex.org/W7097838999","https://openalex.org/W1785913797","https://openalex.org/W3036924185","https://openalex.org/W1924448330","https://openalex.org/W3039393167"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"German":[0,59,133],"electricity":[1,134],"giants":[2],"have":[3],"recently":[4],"taken":[5],"high-level":[6],"decisions":[7,114],"to":[8,29],"remove":[9],"selected":[10],"fossil":[11,36,82],"fuel":[12,37,83],"operations":[13],"from":[14],"their":[15],"company":[16],"portfolio.":[17],"This":[18],"new":[19],"corporate":[20,92],"strategy":[21,93],"could":[22],"be":[23],"seen":[24],"as":[25],"a":[26,98],"direct":[27],"response":[28],"the":[30,35,46,56,73,77,80,102,121,128,132],"growing":[31],"global":[32,81],"influence":[33,52],"of":[34,79,123,131],"divestment":[38,47,84,103],"campaign.":[39],"In":[40,109],"this":[41,69],"paper":[42],"we":[43,86],"ask":[44],"whether":[45],"movement":[48,104],"currently":[49],"exerts":[50],"significant":[51],"on":[53,91,105],"decision-making":[54],"at":[55],"top":[57],"four":[58,88],"energy":[60],"giants\u2014E.On,":[61],"RWE,":[62],"Vattenfall":[63],"and":[64,115],"EnBW.":[65],"We":[66],"find":[67],"that":[68],"is":[70],"not":[71],"yet":[72],"case.":[74],"After":[75],"describing":[76],"trajectory":[78],"campaign,":[85],"outline":[87],"alternative":[89],"influences":[90],"that,":[94],"currently,":[95],"are":[96],"having":[97],"greater":[99],"impact":[100],"than":[101],"Germany\u2019s":[106],"power":[107],"sector.":[108],"time,":[110],"however,":[111],"clear":[112],"political":[113],"strong":[116],"civil":[117],"support":[118],"may":[119],"increase":[120],"significance":[122],"climate":[124],"change":[125],"concerns":[126],"in":[127],"strategic":[129],"management":[130],"giants.":[135]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-11-07T11:25:07.637180","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}
