{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2134149508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","title":"Health, health expenditures, and equity","display_name":"Health, health expenditures, and equity","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2134149508","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","mag":"2134149508"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity In The Finance and Delivery of Health Care","raw_type":"book-chapter"},"volume":{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4388331305","display_name":"Equity In The Finance and Delivery of Health Care"},"type":"book-chapter","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006970415","display_name":"Anthony J. Culyer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-8491","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8896-8491"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"A J Culyer","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5006970415"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.8577,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99308756,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":"299","last_page":"319"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11531","display_name":"Healthcare Systems and Reforms","score":0.9189000129699707,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2003","display_name":"Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12781","display_name":"Global Health Care Issues","score":0.04430000111460686,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10446","display_name":"Income, Poverty, and Inequality","score":0.014399999752640724,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-expenditure","display_name":"health care expenditure","score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-equity","display_name":"health equity","score":0.5680000185966492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/income-distribution","display_name":"income distribution","score":0.6830000281333923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-disparities","display_name":"health disparities","score":0.4580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ethical-theory","display_name":"moral theory","score":0.3499999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/justice","display_name":"justice","score":0.39399999380111694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/utilitarianism","display_name":"utilitarianism","score":0.7080000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rawlsian-justice","display_name":"Rawlsian justice","score":0.8980000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care-payment","display_name":"health care payment","score":0.5740000009536743}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158071213","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257","display_name":"Ideology","level":3,"score":0.6470890045166016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199728807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2578557","display_name":"Equity (law)","level":2,"score":0.6010528802871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.513603925704956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118084267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26110","display_name":"Positive economics","level":1,"score":0.5030998587608337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776035091","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7928819","display_name":"Viewpoints","level":2,"score":0.4552951157093048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.41428548097610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100001284","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2248246","display_name":"Public economics","level":1,"score":0.40345025062561035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162118730","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1128453","display_name":"Actuarial science","level":1,"score":0.37627705931663513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.36792099475860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190253527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q295354","display_name":"Law and economics","level":1,"score":0.3326433300971985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.32785576581954956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.32483142614364624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.16537517309188843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192622914.003.0017","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Equity In The Finance and Delivery of Health Care","raw_type":"book-chapter"},{"id":"pmh:hdl:10068/514777","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10068/514777","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196900","display_name":"OpenGrey (Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1295345811","host_organization_name":"Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1295345811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"R - Report"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.library.georgetown.edu:10822/846274","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10822/846274","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402467","display_name":"DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210145449","host_organization_name":"Center for Security and Emerging Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210145449"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"eweb:106757","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.7578999996185303,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W10161049","https://openalex.org/W4252977414","https://openalex.org/W2127508029","https://openalex.org/W2298705283","https://openalex.org/W4402372986","https://openalex.org/W159545594","https://openalex.org/W4388361382","https://openalex.org/W7030111730","https://openalex.org/W2290663602","https://openalex.org/W3082897522"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"What":[1],"motivates":[2],"studies":[3,145],"dealing":[4],"with":[5,51,76],"the":[6,43,84,89,97,171,186,202,214,217,227,235,252],"interpersonal":[7],"(or":[8],"interfamily,":[9],"interhousehold,":[10],"interclass)":[11],"distribution":[12,56,203,253],"of":[13,42,48,60,162,170,180,194,204,216,254,258],"income,":[14],"wealth,":[15],"health,":[16],"and":[17,105,230],"so":[18,27,149],"on?":[19],"They":[20],"seem":[21],"usually":[22],"to":[23,29,32,53,69,74,115,147,152,156,250],"have":[24,174],"been":[25,211],"undertaken":[26],"as":[28,126,151],"enable":[30,153],"judgements":[31,155],"be":[33,62,135,148,157,248,261],"made":[34,158],"(by":[35],"either":[36],"their":[37,40,77],"authors":[38],"or":[39,46,164],"readers)":[41],"\u2018fairness\u2019,":[44],"\u2018justice\u2019,":[45],"\u2018equity\u2019":[47],"such":[49],"distributions":[50],"respect":[52],"some":[54,243],"benchmark":[55],"(which":[57],"need":[58],"not,":[59],"course,":[61],"an":[63],"equal":[64],"distribution).":[65],"It":[66],"seems":[67],"reasonable":[68],"ask":[70],"two":[71,222],"fundamental":[72],"questions":[73],"do":[75],"motivation.":[78],"The":[79,196],"first":[80],"is:":[81,199],"\u2018What":[82],"is":[83,93,120,178,191,208],"ethical":[85],"theory":[86],"that":[87,168,209],"underlies":[88],"study?\u2019":[90],"This":[91],"issue":[92],"examined":[94],"elsewhere":[95],"in":[96,136],"present":[98,218],"volume":[99],"by":[100],"Alan":[101],"Williams":[102],"(Chapter":[103],"16)":[104],"I":[106,240],"shall":[107,241],"not":[108],"examine":[109,251],"it":[110,133,207,246],"further":[111],"here":[112],"other":[113],"than":[114,122,167],"note":[116],"that,":[117],"because":[118],"there":[119,181,220],"more":[121],"one":[123,177,228],"\u2018ideology\u2019":[124],"serving":[125],"justi\u00ac":[127],"fication":[128],"(e.g.,":[129],"utilitarian,":[130],"desert-based,":[131],"Rawlsian)":[132],"would":[134],"general":[137],"helpful":[138],"(although":[139],"no":[140],"doubt":[141],"rather":[142],"complicated)":[143],"if":[144],"were":[146],"conducted":[150],"equity":[154],"from":[159],"a":[160,183],"variety":[161],"viewpoints":[163],"ideologies":[165],"(rather":[166],"only":[169],"authors-if":[172],"they":[173],"one).":[175],"When":[176],"confident":[179],"being":[182],"consensus":[184],"amongst":[185],"trageted":[187],"readership,":[188],"this":[189,238],"desideratum":[190],"less":[192],"compelling,":[193],"course.":[195],"second":[197],"question":[198],"\u2018Why":[200],"study":[201],"whatever":[205],"entity":[206],"has":[210],"studied?\u2019":[212],"In":[213,237],"case":[215],"volume,":[219],"are":[221],"entities-health":[223],"care":[224,232],"expenditures":[225],"on":[226,234],"hand,":[229],"health":[231,255],"payments":[233,259],"other.":[236],"section":[239],"explore":[242],"reasons":[244],"why":[245],"may":[247],"interesting":[249],"expenditures.":[256],"That":[257],"will":[260],"discussed":[262],"subsequently.":[263]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}