{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133808237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","title":"The physics of the FLUKA code: Recent developments","display_name":"The physics of the FLUKA code: Recent developments","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133808237","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","mag":"2133808237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113313948","display_name":"Advances in Space Research","issn_l":"0273-1177","issn":["0273-1177","1879-1948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Space Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","is_traditional":true,"indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017347937","display_name":"Francesca Ballarini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-3382","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-3382"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109533","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/01st30669","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Ballarini","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011742598","display_name":"G. Battistoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1724","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3484-1724"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Battistoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075601595","display_name":"Markus Brugger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-7091","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3645-7091"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Brugger","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086422177","display_name":"Mauro Campanella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-8701","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0228-8701"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Campanella","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086623469","display_name":"M. Carboni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-3799","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4296-3799"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Carboni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010251560","display_name":"Francesco Maria Cerutti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-6223","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9236-6223"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Cerutti","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042599971","display_name":"A. Empl","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-2309","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9116-2309"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Empl","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5005, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5005, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086305374","display_name":"Alberto Fasso","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801935854","display_name":"SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05gzmn429","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1330989302","https://openalex.org/I2801935854","https://openalex.org/I39565521","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Fass\u00f2","raw_affiliation_strings":["SLAC-RP, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SLAC-RP, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801935854"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102881999","display_name":"Alfredo FERRARI","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0127-1114","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0127-1114"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ferrari","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027456814","display_name":"Ettore Gadioli","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"E. Gadioli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047263088","display_name":"Maria Vittoria Garzelli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-2617","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2472-2617"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.V. Garzelli","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058251135","display_name":"Mattias Lantz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-4207","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5156-4207"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Lantz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112472316","display_name":"A. Mairani","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109533","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/01st30669","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mairani","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026970331","display_name":"A. Mostacci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-7312","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4407-7312"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Mostacci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005212438","display_name":"S. Muraro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-5932","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0619-5932"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Muraro","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5002041197","display_name":"Andrea Ottolenghi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4923-257X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4923-257X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109533","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/01st30669","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Ottolenghi","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103253110","display_name":"V. Patera","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-8424","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1999-8424"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Patera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100690297","display_name":"M. Pelliccioni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4728-6678","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4728-6678"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Pelliccioni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105985076","display_name":"Lawrence S. Pinsky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-8044","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1428-8044"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I44461941","display_name":"University of Houston","ror":"https://ror.org/048sx0r50","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Pinsky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5005, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Physics Department, University of Houston, 4800 Calhoun Blvd., Houston, TX 77204-5005, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I44461941"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5105235057","display_name":"J. Ranft","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I206895457","display_name":"University of Siegen","ror":"https://ror.org/02azyry73","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ranft","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany","Fachbereich Physik, Universit\u00e4t Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachbereich Physik, Universitat Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fachbereich Physik, Universit\u00e4t Siegen, D-57068 Siegen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I206895457"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020309939","display_name":"S. Roesler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-0459","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5920-0459"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Roesler","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN,CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN,CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003615928","display_name":"Paola R. SALA","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5564","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9859-5564","https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6565-0862"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"P.R. Sala","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Milan and INFN, via Celoria 16, I-20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111402139","display_name":"D. Scannicchio","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109533","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/01st30669","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. Scannicchio","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109434827","display_name":"G.I. Smirnov","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G. Smirnov","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069773312","display_name":"Florian Sommerer","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Sommerer","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN, CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075509609","display_name":"S. Trovati","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25217355","display_name":"University of Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/00s6t1f81","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25217355"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210109533","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Pavia","ror":"https://ror.org/01st30669","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S. Trovati","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Pavia and INFN, via Bassi 6, I-27100 Pavia, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25217355","https://openalex.org/I4210109533"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073809659","display_name":"R. Villari","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-1676","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7972-1676"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210142660","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati","ror":"https://ror.org/049jf1a25","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Villari","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, INFN, via E. Fermi 40, I-00044 Frascati, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210142660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112017595","display_name":"Vasilis Vlachoudis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-5885","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3213-5885"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67311998","display_name":"European Organization for Nuclear Research","ror":"https://ror.org/01ggx4157","country_code":"CH","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"V. Vlachoudis","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERN,CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERN,CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67311998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043677695","display_name":"Thomas L. Wilson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-8759","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1755-8759"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149382","display_name":"Johnson Space Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04xx4z452","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779","https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T. Wilson","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA/JSC, Houston, TX, 77058, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA/JSC, Houston, TX, 77058, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089793341","display_name":"Neil ZAPP","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149382","display_name":"Johnson Space Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04xx4z452","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124779","https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Zapp","raw_affiliation_strings":["NASA/JSC, Houston, TX, 77058, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NASA/JSC, Houston, TX, 77058, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149382"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":4,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2780,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2780},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2449,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":81,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76650044,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"9","first_page":"1339","last_page":"1349"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11176","display_name":"Radiation Therapy and Dosimetry","score":0.9413999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3108","display_name":"Radiation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10093","display_name":"Nuclear physics research studies","score":0.00930000003427267,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10527","display_name":"High-Energy Particle Collisions Research","score":0.006399999838322401,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluka","display_name":"FLUKA","score":0.8539999723434448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hadronic-interaction-models","display_name":"hadronic interaction models","score":0.7129999995231628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-particle-transport","display_name":"Monte Carlo particle transport","score":0.5960000157356262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon-cross-sections","display_name":"photon cross sections","score":0.9079999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-activation","display_name":"nuclear activation","score":0.5509999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-ion-collisions","display_name":"heavy-ion collisions","score":0.9300000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/space-radiation","display_name":"space radiation","score":0.8130000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosmic-rays","display_name":"cosmic rays","score":0.6710000038146973},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-ion-transport","display_name":"heavy ion transport","score":0.5580000281333923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8139500021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111309251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11547","display_name":"Cosmic ray","level":2,"score":0.7009521722793579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.603096604347229},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19694890","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101667","display_name":"Hadron","level":2,"score":0.585228681564331},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185544564","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81197","display_name":"Nuclear physics","level":1,"score":0.5821247696876526},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.5704902410507202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152568617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2348","display_name":"Neutron","level":2,"score":0.5217805504798889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.420968234539032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.1015150249004364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asr.2007.05.031","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S113313948","display_name":"Advances in Space Research","issn_l":"0273-1177","issn":["0273-1177","1879-1948"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["cwts-core","dongbi-c","jufo-1","ki-jl-1","norway-1","poland-70","russia-white-list-1","vabb-shw"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320990","host_organization_name":"Elsevier BV","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320990"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Elsevier BV"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Advances in Space Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.uniroma1.it:11573/236601","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://gateway.webofknowledge.com/gateway/Gateway.cgi?GWVersion=2&SrcApp=PARTNER_APP&SrcAuth=LinksAMR&KeyUT=000253590000004&DestLinkType=FullRecord&DestApp=ALL_WOS&UsrCustomerID=0c7ff228ccbaaa74236f48834a34396a","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196107","display_name":"IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1490538221","https://openalex.org/W1531856916","https://openalex.org/W1577208311","https://openalex.org/W1578383954","https://openalex.org/W1806373402","https://openalex.org/W1869613248","https://openalex.org/W1976358058","https://openalex.org/W1979582089","https://openalex.org/W1989232543","https://openalex.org/W1999048657","https://openalex.org/W2005400798","https://openalex.org/W2008348879","https://openalex.org/W2010860164","https://openalex.org/W2018130788","https://openalex.org/W2020479870","https://openalex.org/W2026640659","https://openalex.org/W2029677082","https://openalex.org/W2040902361","https://openalex.org/W2042731251","https://openalex.org/W2073317346","https://openalex.org/W2074248062","https://openalex.org/W2074987483","https://openalex.org/W2082188389","https://openalex.org/W2085672459","https://openalex.org/W2122069210","https://openalex.org/W2132308340","https://openalex.org/W2139421188","https://openalex.org/W2141849155","https://openalex.org/W2144179123","https://openalex.org/W2159465286","https://openalex.org/W2169756652","https://openalex.org/W2314794282","https://openalex.org/W3039705728","https://openalex.org/W3097364771","https://openalex.org/W4234766968","https://openalex.org/W4394642430"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2141849155","https://openalex.org/W4404933394","https://openalex.org/W7034720719","https://openalex.org/W2015605501","https://openalex.org/W1566543605","https://openalex.org/W2962933037","https://openalex.org/W7098721984","https://openalex.org/W2058136303","https://openalex.org/W7098119046","https://openalex.org/W7021400274"],"abstract_inverted_index":null,"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-11-10T11:39:43.021295","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}