{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133277342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","title":"Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon","display_name":"Evaluation of heavy metals content in dietary supplements in Lebanon","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-01-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133277342","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","mag":"2133277342","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23331553"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","pdf_url":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1752-153X-7-10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55367224","display_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","issn_l":"1752-153X","issn":["1752-153X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1752-153X-7-10","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018503860","display_name":"Samira Ibrahim Korfali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-510X","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2038-510X"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samira Ibrahim Korfali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lebanese American University, P,O,Box 13-5053, Chouran Beirut, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon. skorfali@lau.edu.lb","Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University, P,O,Box 13-5053, Chouran Beirut, 1102 2801, Beirut, Lebanon. skorfali@lau.edu.lb","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079052534","display_name":"Tamer Hawi","orcid":null,"observed_orcids":[]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tamer Hawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lebanese American University, Chouran Beirut, Lebanon","Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University, Chouran Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University, Chouran, Beirut, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036597725","display_name":"Mohamad A. Mroueh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-7133","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1572-7133"]},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56306041","display_name":"Lebanese American University","ror":"https://ror.org/00hqkan37","country_code":"LB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}],"countries":["LB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamad Mroueh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon","Lebanese American University , Byblos , Lebanon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Lebanese American University , Byblos , Lebanon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56306041"],"apc_list":{"value":2040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2040},"apc_paid":{"value":2040,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2040},"fwci":3.0783,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90148196,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"7","issue":"1","first_page":"10","last_page":"10"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13079","display_name":"Heavy Metals in Plants","score":0.7139000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13079","display_name":"Heavy Metals in Plants","score":0.7139000296592712,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10790","display_name":"Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity","score":0.17399999499320984,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2307","display_name":"Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10139","display_name":"Heavy metals in environment","score":0.04659999907016754,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2310","display_name":"Pollution"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dietary-supplements","display_name":"dietary supplements","score":0.9399999976158142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heavy-metals","display_name":"heavy metals","score":0.9509999752044678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metal-contamination","display_name":"metal contamination","score":0.6880000233650208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supplement-safety","display_name":"supplement safety","score":0.6970000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cadmium","display_name":"cadmium","score":0.6480000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arsenic","display_name":"arsenic","score":0.9779999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/copper","display_name":"copper","score":0.8220000267028809},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/iron","display_name":"iron","score":0.6110000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zinc","display_name":"zinc","score":0.9769999980926514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/manganese","display_name":"manganese","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/selenium","display_name":"selenium","score":0.8100000023841858},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mercury","display_name":"mercury","score":0.6050000190734863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lead","display_name":"lead","score":0.9909999966621399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chromium","display_name":"chromium","score":0.9739999771118164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/essential-minerals","display_name":"essential minerals","score":0.4699999988079071}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37281782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412867","display_name":"Dietary Reference Intake","level":3,"score":0.8206769824028015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152572085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2366307","display_name":"Reference Daily Intake","level":2,"score":0.7089205384254456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.6173427700996399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779268580","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3447087","display_name":"Allowance (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.616413950920105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776657025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7814215","display_name":"Tolerable daily intake","level":3,"score":0.5060216784477234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.49037885665893555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776053758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q105789","display_name":"Heavy metals","level":2,"score":0.48594868183135986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107872376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q321355","display_name":"Environmental chemistry","level":1,"score":0.45041602849960327},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33070731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7218","display_name":"Toxicology","level":1,"score":0.4389096796512604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140793950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168091","display_name":"Animal science","level":1,"score":0.4018459916114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.38303712010383606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142796444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181394","display_name":"Nutrient","level":2,"score":0.38261038064956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31903555","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1637030","display_name":"Food science","level":1,"score":0.3823862373828888},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21694162487983704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147583825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620876","display_name":"Body weight","level":2,"score":0.1869659423828125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.10755699872970581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.10575440526008606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","pdf_url":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1752-153X-7-10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55367224","display_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","issn_l":"1752-153X","issn":["1752-153X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:23331553","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23331553","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry Central journal","raw_type":"Journal Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:2564726","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3560192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:3560192","doi":null,"is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3560192","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chem Cent J","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:41c8489505584e1b89379a383a10361b","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/41c8489505584e1b89379a383a10361b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"listed_in":[],"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry Central Journal, Vol 7, Iss 1, p 10 (2013)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153x-7-10","pdf_url":"https://bmcchem.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/1752-153X-7-10","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S55367224","display_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","issn_l":"1752-153X","issn":["1752-153X"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"listed_in":["anvur-scientific","cwts-core","doaj","norway-1"],"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320256","host_organization_name":"BioMed Central","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320256","https://openalex.org/P4310319965"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["BioMed Central","Springer Nature"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Chemistry Central Journal","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.9537000060081482,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"sustainable_development_goals_aurora":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2133277342.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2133277342.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113471398","https://openalex.org/W199554930","https://openalex.org/W584520350","https://openalex.org/W1481759625","https://openalex.org/W1552970141","https://openalex.org/W1967207930","https://openalex.org/W1969485519","https://openalex.org/W1975002665","https://openalex.org/W1978902352","https://openalex.org/W1981856354","https://openalex.org/W1981999082","https://openalex.org/W1983240807","https://openalex.org/W1996260234","https://openalex.org/W2002713405","https://openalex.org/W2005867102","https://openalex.org/W2009154945","https://openalex.org/W2010720986","https://openalex.org/W2026768449","https://openalex.org/W2027773767","https://openalex.org/W2030355178","https://openalex.org/W2033142264","https://openalex.org/W2039236375","https://openalex.org/W2039468148","https://openalex.org/W2044994294","https://openalex.org/W2047294948","https://openalex.org/W2052284431","https://openalex.org/W2055557581","https://openalex.org/W2063199403","https://openalex.org/W2064033164","https://openalex.org/W2066966820","https://openalex.org/W2067950444","https://openalex.org/W2069931631","https://openalex.org/W2076315756","https://openalex.org/W2077755024","https://openalex.org/W2078979884","https://openalex.org/W2113624103","https://openalex.org/W2145106467","https://openalex.org/W2152716634","https://openalex.org/W2402884911","https://openalex.org/W2467455841","https://openalex.org/W2472738676","https://openalex.org/W2572839256","https://openalex.org/W3152001989","https://openalex.org/W4298089332","https://openalex.org/W4300509511"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2020670411","https://openalex.org/W2060742782","https://openalex.org/W2133192278","https://openalex.org/W2915010713","https://openalex.org/W2070506553","https://openalex.org/W2395274831","https://openalex.org/W2150165590","https://openalex.org/W3086717023","https://openalex.org/W4366979621","https://openalex.org/W2467570857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"BACKGROUND:":[0],"The":[1,30],"consumption":[2],"of":[3,26,41,63,77,94,120,128,139,157,170,175,192,197],"dietary":[4,14,43,70],"supplements":[5,15,44,215],"is":[6],"widely":[7],"spread":[8],"and":[9,59,111,147,160,165,180,186,202,209,225],"on":[10],"the":[11,36,48,57,61,64,121,124,129,193,248],"rise.":[12],"These":[13],"are":[16],"generally":[17],"used":[18],"without":[19],"prescriptions,":[20],"proper":[21],"counseling":[22],"or":[23],"any":[24,100],"awareness":[25,62],"their":[27,80,143,221,237],"health":[28,101],"risk.":[29],"current":[31],"study":[32],"aimed":[33],"at":[34],"analyzing":[35],"metals":[37,78,244],"in":[38,118],"33":[39],"samples":[40,74,130,154,172,194],"imported":[42],"highly":[45],"consumed":[46,216],"by":[47],"Lebanese":[49],"population,":[50],"using":[51],"3":[52],"different":[53],"techniques,":[54],"to":[55,66,236,245],"ensure":[56],"safety":[58],"increase":[60],"citizen":[65],"benefit":[67],"from":[68],"these":[69,242],"supplements.":[71],"RESULTS:":[72],"Some":[73],"had":[75,131,155,173,195],"levels":[76,83,133,174,196,204,234],"above":[79,134,142,177,199],"maximum":[81],"allowable":[82,135,163,178,200,250],"(Fe:":[84],"24%,":[85],"Zn:":[86],"33%,":[87],"Mn:":[88],"27%,":[89],"Se:":[90],"15%,":[91],"Mo:":[92],"12%":[93],"samples),":[95],"but":[96],"did":[97],"not":[98],"pose":[99],"risk":[102],"because":[103],"they":[104],"were":[105,141,181,205],"below":[106,162],"permitted":[107,144],"daily":[108,113,145,149,166],"exposure":[109,146],"limit":[110,136],"recommended":[112,148],"allowance":[114],"except":[115],"for":[116,220,231],"Fe":[117,208,224],"6%":[119],"samples.":[122],"On":[123],"other":[125],"hand,":[126],"34%":[127],"Cu":[132],"where":[137],"18%":[138],"them":[140],"allowance.":[150],"In":[151],"contrast,":[152],"all":[153],"concentration":[156],"Cr,":[158],"Hg,":[159],"Pb":[161],"limits":[164,201],"exposure.":[167],"Whereas,":[168],"30%":[169],"analyzed":[171],"Cd":[176],"levels,":[179],"statistically":[182],"correlated":[183],"with":[184,207,241],"Ca,":[185,222],"Zn":[187],"essential":[188,211,218,243],"minerals.":[189,212],"Similarly":[190],"62%":[191],"As":[198,203],"associated":[206],"Mn":[210,226],"CONCLUSION:":[213],"Dietary":[214],"as":[217],"nutrients":[219],"Zn,":[223],"content":[227],"should":[228],"be":[229],"monitored":[230],"toxic":[232],"metal":[233],"due":[235],"natural":[238],"geochemical":[239],"association":[240],"provide":[246],"citizens":[247],"safe":[249],"amounts.":[251]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-08T09:06:37.294493","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}