{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2133232154","doi":null,"title":"WHAT DO REFERENTIAL INDICES REFER TO","display_name":"WHAT DO REFERENTIAL INDICES REFER TO","publication_year":1968,"publication_date":"1968-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2133232154","mag":"2133232154"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"mag:2133232154","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P3854.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"volume":null,"type":"article","indexed_in":[],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048002562","display_name":"Lauri Karttunen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-8326","observed_orcids":["https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-8326"]},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lauri Karttunen","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5800-8326","affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048002562"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":55.4688,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":49,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99808429,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":88,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":null,"issue":null,"first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10034","display_name":"Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1203","display_name":"Language and Linguistics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":9.999999747378752e-05,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-structure","display_name":"deep structure","score":0.9089999794960022}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153962237","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401131","display_name":"Noun phrase","level":3,"score":0.7853372097015381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.7093222141265869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780876879","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3054749","display_name":"Meaning (existential)","level":2,"score":0.6112854480743408},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88880766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201147","display_name":"Determiner phrase","level":4,"score":0.5914045572280884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121934690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1084","display_name":"Noun","level":2,"score":0.5699849724769592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5656427145004272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776224158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187931","display_name":"Phrase","level":2,"score":0.5601760745048523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41417386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147276","display_name":"Proper noun","level":2,"score":0.5446746349334717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777382242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6017816","display_name":"Index (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5008351802825928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.494505375623703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.49404245615005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122295659","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1500667","display_name":"Nominalization","level":3,"score":0.4835367202758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90464235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1051521","display_name":"Discourse marker","level":2,"score":0.41519615054130554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.40352141857147217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.1637868583202362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.15447312593460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"mag:2133232154","doi":null,"is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/papers/2008/P3854.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"study_designs":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":0,"referenced_works":[],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2244035968","https://openalex.org/W7098333688","https://openalex.org/W101932644","https://openalex.org/W560961171","https://openalex.org/W2930031957","https://openalex.org/W7097480917","https://openalex.org/W2977203983","https://openalex.org/W7097225763","https://openalex.org/W656547159","https://openalex.org/W1768105089"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],":":[1],"An":[2],"examination":[3],"is":[4],"made":[5],"of":[6,24,36,43,54,75,78,86],"the":[7,11,34,41,51,84],"proposal":[8,26],"that":[9,76],"in":[10,71],"deep":[12],"structure,":[13],"noun":[14,44],"phrases":[15],"are":[16],"associated":[17],"with":[18],"a":[19],"referential":[20],"index.":[21],"The":[22,73],"purpose":[23],"this":[25],"was":[27,48],"not":[28],"so":[29],"much":[30],"to":[31,39,61],"account":[32],"for":[33,50],"meaning":[35],"sentences":[37],"but":[38],"augment":[40],"notion":[42],"phrase":[45],"identity":[46],"which":[47],"needed":[49],"structural":[52],"description":[53],"certain":[55],"deletion":[56],"transformations.":[57],"This":[58],"paper":[59],"attempts":[60],"study":[62,79],"how":[63],"and":[64],"if":[65],"such":[66],"markers":[67],"could":[68],"be":[69],"used":[70],"semantics.":[72],"outcome":[74],"kind":[77],"will":[80,88],"ultimately":[81],"decide":[82],"what":[83],"future":[85],"indices":[87],"be.":[89],"(Author)":[90]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-10-16T09:59:22.235173","created_date":"2016-06-24T00:00:00"}